drugs Flashcards
what is aspirin? (known as?)
- provides excellent relief of mild to moderate pain
- reduces fever
- protect against thrombotic disorders
- known as ASA (acetylsalicylic acid)
Aspirin is the drug of choice for treating?
arthritis and other inflammation conditions
action of aspirin?
- nonselective inhibitor of cyclooxygenase
- irresversible inhibitor which is in contrast as all other NSAIDs are reversible
pharmacokinetics of aspirin?
absorption: absorbed rapidly and completely after oral dose by small intestine
metabolism: short half life (15-20 mins)
distribution: bound to plasma albumin, undergoes distribution to all body tissues and fluids
excretion: excreted by the kidneys
therapeutic uses of aspirin?
- suppression of inflammation
- analgesia
- reduction of fever
- dysmenorrhea
- suppression of platelet aggregation
- cancer prevention
adverse effects of aspirin?
- GI effects
- bleeding
- renal impairment
- reyes syndrome: rare disorder that causes brain and liver damage
- adverse use in pregnancy
- CV events
- hypersensitivity reactions
precautions/contraindications of aspirin?
- contraindicated in ppl with peptic ulcer disease, bleeding disorders, and hypersensitivity to NSAIDs
- drug should be used with extreme caution when pregnant and children who have chicken pox or flu
drug interactions with aspirin?
- anticoagulants (warfarin, heparin)
- glucocorticoids
- alcohol
- non-aspirin NSAIDs
- ace inhibitors or ARBs
- vaccines
acute poisoning from aspirin?
- aspirin overdose produces a state of compensated resp alkalosis
- progresses to resp depression, acidosis, hyperthermia, sweating, dehydration
what is ibuprofen?
anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic
- treat pain, fever, arthritis
- best for menstrual pains (dysmenorrhea)
- do pose a risk of MI and stroke
what is acetaminophen?
- analgesic and antipyretic
- does not suppress platelet aggregation or cause gastric ulceration, does not decrease renal blood flow or renal impairment
- can cause severe liver injury
mechanism of action: acetaminophen?
- selective inhibition of cyclooxygenase, enzyme needed to make prostaglandins
- decreased prostaglandins in CNS= reduce fever and pain
- inability to inhibit prostaglandin synthesis outside CNS may explain absense of anti-inflamm response
pharmacokinetics of acetaminophen?
- readily absorbed orally
- metabolized by the liver
- excreted by the urine
- half life of 2 hours
adverse effects of acetaminophen?
- extremely rare at therapeutic doses
- can cause hypertension if large doses for extended periods
- anaphylaxis
- correlation with asthma
acetaminophen drug interactions?
- alcohol
- warfarin
- vaccines
what are cephalosporins?
beta-lactam antibiotics, similar to penicillin
- bactericidal
- active against a broad spectrum of pathogens
action of cephalosporins?
bind to penicillin binding proteins and disrupt cell wall synthesis, activate autolysins
-most effective against cells undergoing active growth and division
resistance of cephalosporins?
principle cause of resistance is production of beta-lactamases
pharmacokinetics of cephalosporins?
-absorption: bc of poor absorption in GI must be IV
Distribution: most of body
elimination: kidneys
adverse effects of cephalosporins?
- allergic reactions
- bleeding
- thrombophlebitis
- hemolytic anemia
drug interactions of cephalosporins?
- alcohol
- drugs that promote bleeding
- calcium and ceftriaxone
- probenecid
what is vanomycin?
- most widely use antibiotic in US hospitals
- for C diff, MRSA infection
action of vanomycin?
-inhibits cell wall synthesis, thereby promotes bacterial lysis and death, disrupts cell wall by binding to molecules that serve as precursors for cell wall synthesis
why is ASA not a good med to take for treating fever?
- can thin your blood
- potential for rhys syndrome in kids causes swelling of brain
inflammation drugs?
-NSAIDs, ibuprofen, ASA
antipyretics?
acetaminophen, ASA, ibuprofen?
drugs for infection?
antimicrobial agents
antibacterial, antiviral, antiprotozoal
cefazolin and vanomycin are?
antibacterial agents
common side effects of antibiotics?
- nausea
- vomiting
- diarrhea
- nephrotoxicity
- hepatotoxicity
what is fentanyl?
a opioid analgesic
-binds to opioid receptors in CNS, alters perception of painful stimuli and generalized CNS depression
parenteral vs transdermal use of fentanyl?
parenteral: pre/post anesthesia
transdermal: moderate to severe chronic pain in opioid tolerant pt requiring 24/7 treatment
effectiveness of fentanyl patch?
reaches effectiveness at 24 hours and remains effective for 48 hours
can you apply heat to a fentanyl patch?
no
how do you dispose of a fentanyl patch?
fold it in half and dispose it in the sharps bin
what to do if overdose of fentanyl?
take patch off and admin narcan
potency of fentanyl?
it is 100x more potent than morphine. measured in mcg not mg
what is hydromorphone?
an opioid analgesic
- known as dilaudid
- binds to opioid receptors in CNS, alters perception of pain
indication for hydromorphone?
moderate to severe pain
side effects of hydromorphone?
-resp depression, constipation, sedatio
crosses placenta/breast milk
contraindications of hydromorphone?
hypersensitivity and pregnancy
what is ibuprofen?
advil
-antipyretic and NSAID
why is ibuprofen used instead of tylenol?
if pt has fever and inflammation, not just fever
side effects of ibuprofen?
nausea, GI bleed, HF, MI, stroke
ibuprofen is the superior NSAID for?
dysmenorrhea (period cramps)
which drug for fever if pregnant?
acetaminophen
should u drink alcohol with ibuprofen?
no
what is naloxone?
a opioid antagonist (blocks opioid actions)
-reverse resp depression, coma, analgesia
route for naloxone?
no oral because of first pass effect, only IV, IM or Subq, nasal spray
elimination of naloxone?
eliminated by hepatic metabolism
when is naloxone used?
overdose or suspected overdose
what is morphine
strong opioid analgesic
-relieves pain, causes drowsiness and reduces anxiety
how should morphine be administered?
oral for chronic severe pain
avoid subq and im
IV slowly over 4-5 mins
side effects of morphine?
resp depression, constipation
