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IM 1 > Pharmacology Quiz 3 > Flashcards

Pharmacology Quiz 3 Flashcards

1
Q

ADR effects that are mild (4)

A
  • drowsiness
  • itching
  • nausea
  • rash
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2
Q

ADR effects - severe (4)

A

Respiratory depression
Organ injury
Anaphylaxis
Death

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3
Q

What increased the risk - ADR

A
  • very ill patients
  • increase for a adverse drug reaction
  • very young
  • very old
  • immunocompromised
  • human error
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4
Q

Side effect

A

A nearly unavoidable secondary drug effect produced at therapeutic doses

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5
Q

Toxicity

A

Any severe ADR regardless of the dose that caused it

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6
Q

Allergic reaction

A

Immune response, the intensity of which is determined by immune system, not dosage

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7
Q

Idiosyncratic effect

A

Uncommon drug response resulting from a genetic predisposition

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8
Q

Paradoxical effect

A

The opposite of the intended drug response

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9
Q

Iatrogenic disease

A

Occurs as the result of medical care of treatment, including disease produced by drugs

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10
Q

Body has adapted to drug exposure in such a way that abstinence will develop if discontinued

A

Physical dependence

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11
Q

The ability of certain medications and chemicals to cause cancers

A

Carcinogenic effect

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12
Q

Drug induced birth defect

A

Teratogenic effect

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13
Q

Liver is primary site of

A

Metabolism

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14
Q

Drugs are leading cause of

A

Liver failure

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15
Q

Over 50 commonly given drugs are

A

Hepatotoxic

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16
Q

Some drugs metabolites are

A

Hepatotoxic

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17
Q

Combining hepatotoxic drugs increase risk of

A

Liver injury

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18
Q

QT drugs

A

Prolong QT interval

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19
Q

QT drugs can cause

A

Life threatening dysthymias

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20
Q

Kidneys

A

Filter metabolites out of body
Cumulative exposure can cause damage

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21
Q

Ears

A

Ototoxic reactions cause permanent damage
Very important to catch early

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22
Q

Lungs

A

Over 600 drugs are pneumotoxic

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23
Q

What 5 ways to minimize ADRs

A
  • early Identification
  • know major ADRs that a drug can produce
  • monitoring of organ function of toxic drugs are being given
  • individualizing therapy
  • patient teaching
24
Q

Black box warnings

A

Strongest safety warning a drug can carry and still remain on the market

25
Q

Risperdal (black box warning)

A

Older people- risk for death
Calm and induce sleep

26
Q

Celebrex (black box warning)

A

An increase risk of serious cardiovascular thrombotic events
- arthritis
- heart attacks
- strokes
- GI bleed

27
Q

13 major types of medications errors
What 2 ?

A

Direct harm
Indirect harm

28
Q

Cause of medication errors

A

Human factors
Communication mistakes (90% of fatal errors)
Name confusion

29
Q

If the same dose of a drug is given to a big person and a small person the drug concentration will be higher in the smaller person

A

Body composition

Larger people will need a high dose of medication

30
Q

Factors affecting individual response

A
  • age
  • infants
  • older adults
  • immature organ systems
  • decline in organ function
31
Q

Reduces rate of drug excretion , drugs may accumulate to toxic levels

A

Kidney disease

32
Q

Reduces rate of drugs metabolism, drugs may accumulate to toxic levels

A

Liver disease

33
Q

—— drug levels in our system, ——- in liver or kidney function

A

Increased; decline

34
Q

Decreased responsiveness to a drug as a result of repeated drug administration

A

Tolerance

35
Q

Drugs taken to manage one condition may complicate management of another condition

A

Comorbidities and drug interactions

36
Q

Good diet can elicit therapeutic responses and reduce harm from ADRs
- some foods can interact with drugs and cause ADRs

A

DIET

37
Q

Failure to take as prescribed

A

Patient compliance
Medication errors

38
Q

Elderly pharmacokinetic changes

A

Absorption & distribution

39
Q

Elderly - Absorption

A

Rate of absorption slows
Gastric acidity declines (drugs don’t get broken down)

40
Q

Elderly - distribution

A

Increase body fat
Decrease % lean body mass
Decreased total body water
Decreased serum albumin concentration

41
Q

Increase body fat (what happens to the plasma)

A

Plasma drug levels reduce

42
Q

Decreased % lean body mass - plasma

A

Plasma drugs increase

43
Q

Decreased total body water - plasma

A

Plasma drug levels increase

44
Q

Decreased serum albumin concentration- plasma

A

Plasma drug levels increase

45
Q

Metabolism tends to ___ with ___ , highly variable

A

Decline with age

46
Q

Excretion begins to —- progressively in —- —-
The most important cause of ADRs in older adults

A

Decline

47
Q

ADRS are 7x more common in

A

Older adults

48
Q

ADRs in the elderly account for

A

16% of hospital admissions of older adults
50% of all medication related deaths

49
Q

ADRs mostly —- related

A

Dose

50
Q

In elderly ADRs symptoms tend to be

A

Nonspecific

51
Q

Older adults less likely to share

A

Alcohol or drug use

52
Q

ADRs are mostly

A

Avoidable

53
Q

Risk factors of ADRs in elderly

A
  • reduce renal function (drug accumulation)
  • poly pharmacy
  • greater severity of illness
  • low therapeutic index drugs
  • increased individual variation
  • inadequate supervision of long term memory
  • poor adherence
54
Q

Goal of treatment

A

Improve quality of life
Reduce symptoms

55
Q

Assessment

A

Drug history
Compliance

56
Q

Monitoring

A

Clinical responses
Plasma drug levels

57
Q

Teaching

A

How to take medications
Strategies for compliance

IM 1 (34 decks)

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