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IM 1 > Infection Prevention & Control > Flashcards

Infection Prevention & Control Flashcards

1
Q

Ways to describe infections?

A
  1. Inherent or contagious
  2. Localized or systemic
  3. Primary or secondary
  4. Exogenous or endogenous
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2
Q

Infection

A

When a pathogen invades tissues and begins multiplying within a host

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3
Q

Define colonization

A

Presence and multiplication of microorganisms within a host but without tissue invasion or damage

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4
Q

Define communicable disease

A

That which can be transmitted from one individual to another

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5
Q

Define Symptomatic

A

When pathogens multiply and cause signs and symptoms of disease

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6
Q

Asymptomatic infection

A

When pathogens multiply but no clinical signs and symptoms are present

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7
Q

Define Virulence

A

Ability to produce disease

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8
Q

What are the 5 moments for hand hygiene

A

1 before touching a patient
2 before clean/aseptic procedure
3 after body fluid exposure risk
4 after touching a patient
5 after touching patient surroundings

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9
Q

What are the natural defense mechanisms against infection

A

Skin, mouth, eyes, respiratory tract, urinary tract, GI tract, and vagina

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10
Q

What is the chain of infection ? Hint:6

A

1 infection agent
2 reservoir
3 portal of exit
4 means of transmission
5 portal of entry
6 susceptible host

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11
Q

Examples of Infection agent or pathogen

A

Bacteria, fungi, viruses, rickettsiae, and Protozoa, helminths, and prions

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12
Q

Ex of Reservoirs

A

People, hospital equipment, water, animals, food, insects/arthropods, soiled or wet dressing, inanimate objects

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13
Q

Reservoir

A

Place where microorganisms survive, multiply, and await transfer to a susceptible host

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14
Q

Portal of exits

A

Excretions, secretions, skin, droplets

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15
Q

Means of transmission

A

Direct contact, ingestion, fomites, airborne

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16
Q

Direct contact

A

Person to person (fecal, oral) physical contact between source and susceptible host

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17
Q

Indirect contact/fomite

A

Personal contact of susceptible host with contaminated inanimate object
Ex~ needles or sharp objects, dressings, environment

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18
Q

Droplet

A

Large particles that travel up to 3ft during coughing, sneezing, or talking and come in contact with susceptible host

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19
Q

Airborne

A

Droplet nuclei or residue or evaporated suspended in the air during coughing or sneezing or carried on dust particles

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20
Q

Portal of entry

A

Mucous membranes, GI tract, GU tract, respiratory tract, or broken skin

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21
Q

Susceptible host

A

Immunosuppression, diabetes, surgery,burns,elderly, indwelling devices, skin/mucous membranes breaks, poor oxygenation, impaired circulation

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22
Q

Portal of exit~respiratory

A

Septum, cough,sneeze

23
Q

Portal of exit~GU

A

Reproductive secretions, urine

24
Q

Portal of exit~GI

A

Saliva, emesis, blood and fece,

25
Q

Portal of exit~Venous system

A

Blood

26
Q

Portal of exit~mucous membranes & intact skin

A

Draining wounds

27
Q

Vector (means of transmission)

A

Insect transmission

28
Q

Indirect contact High touch areas

A

Gowns, bed linen, bedside furniture
Handles, IV poles, BP machines, pulse ox, stethoscopes, accudata machines

29
Q

Bleach wipes require how long to clean to kill pathogens

A

3 mins

30
Q

How long does it take hydrogen peroxide to kill pathogens

A

1 min

31
Q

Portal of entry

A

GI-GU tract, mucous membranes, skin integrity disruption, respiratory tract, eyes

32
Q

Inherent infection

A

Lives in our body

33
Q

Localized infection

A

Ex: mosquito bite
Wound infection, a patient will experience localized symptoms such as pain, tenderness, warmth, redness at the wound site

34
Q

Systemic infection

A

An infection that affects the entire body instead of just a single organ. Can be fatal if undetected and untreated

35
Q

Primary infection

A

Original source

36
Q

Secondary infection

A

Ex:sepsis
An infection that occurs during or after treatment for another infection

37
Q

Exogenous infection

A

Comes from microorganisms found outside the individual
Ex: salmonella, Clostridium tetani, & Aspergillus

38
Q

Endogenous infection

A

Occurs when part of the patients flora becomes altered and an overgrowth results
Ex: staphylococci, enterococci, yeasts, & streptococci

39
Q

A nurse has an open abrasion on the skin. This is a concern during patient care because the open abrasion could represent which of the following elements in the chain of infection? (Two possible answers)

a. Etiological Agent
b. Reservoir
c. Portal of Exit
d. Method of Transmission
e. Portal of Entry
f. Susceptible Host

A

Portal of Exit & Portal of Entry

40
Q

The nurse disposes of a butterfly needle and tubing used to draw blood. The butterfly needle, if not properly disposed of, could represent which element in the chain of infection?

a. Etiological Agent
b. Reservoir
c. Portal of Exit
d. Method of Transmission
e. Portal of Entry
f. Susceptible Host

A

Method of transmission

41
Q

The patient coughs without covering their mouth. The mouth serves as which element in the chain of infection?
a. Etiological Agent
b. Reservoir
c. Portal of Exit
d. Method of Transmission
e. Portal of Entry
f. Susceptible Host

A

Portal of Exit

42
Q

An IV is inserted without cleaning the skin properly before insertion. The needle serves as which element in the chain of infection?

a. Etiological Agent
b. Reservoir
c. Portal of Exit
d. Method of Transmission
e. Portal of Entry
f. Susceptible Host

A

Portal of Entry

43
Q

The nurse does not clean their stethoscope between patients. The stethoscope represents which element in the chain of infection?

a. Etiological Agent
b. Reservoir
c. Portal of Exit
d. Method of Transmission
e. Portal of Entry
f. Susceptible Host

A

Method of transmission

44
Q
  1. Fresh flowers or plants brought into the patient room. These flowers/plants represent which element in the chain of infection? (2 correct answers)

a. Etiological Agent
b. Reservoir
c. Portal of Exit
d. Method of Transmission
e. Portal of Entry
f. Susceptible Host

A

Reservoir & Method of transmission

45
Q

The nurse fails to wear appropriate tier 2 PPE for a patient isolated for pertussis. The nurse’s scrubs are exposed to the pertussis patient. The scrubs serve as which element in the chain of infection?

a. Etiological Agent
b. Reservoir
c. Portal of Exit
d. Method of Transmission
e. Portal of Entry
f. Susceptible Host

A

Method of transmisson

46
Q

Migrant workers eat unwashed fruit directly from the field. The fruit serves as which element in the chain of infection?

a. Etiological Agent
b. Reservoir
c. Portal of Exit
d. Method of Transmission
e. Portal of Entry
f. Susceptible Host

A

Reservoir

47
Q

A patient is diagnosed with COVID-19 and subsequently admitted to the hospital. COVID-19 represents which element in the chain of infection?

a. Etiological Agent
b. Reservoir
c. Portal of Exit
d. Method of Transmission
e. Portal of Entry
f. Susceptible Host

A

Etiological Agent

48
Q
  1. A patient has a head laceration that is open to air (it is not covered with a dressing). The laceration (open to air) represents which element in the chain of infection? (Hint: the wound is somewhat fresh and does not show signs of infection.)

a. Etiological Agent
b. Reservoir
c. Portal of Exit
d. Method of Transmission
e. Portal of Entry
f. Susceptible Host

A

Portal of Entry

49
Q

Contact
Precautions
exmples

A

MDRO (Acinetobacter,
Pseudomonas, ESBLs, CREs,
etc.), VRE, RSV,
Shingles (limited area of body),
Rotavirus, Lice, Scabies,
Wounds w/no dressing or
containment of drainage

50
Q

Special
Contact
Precautions

A

Clostridium difficile or
Diarrhea on admission

51
Q

Droplet
Precautions

A

Influenza (FLU),
Pertussis, Bacterial
Meningitis

52
Q

Airborne
(Negative Air)
Precautions
examples

A

TB (Tuberculosis),
Varicella (Chicken Pox),
Measles (rubeola),
Disseminated Shingles
(widespread or
immunocompromised patient)

53
Q

Special Respiratory precautions -Droplet

A

COVID-19
no aerosol generating procedures

54
Q

Special Respiratory precautions- Airborne

A

COVID-19
Aerosol generating procedures

IM 1 (34 decks)

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