Pharmacology/ Pharmacy Flashcards
What is the mode of action for Penicillins?
17 AG
Interferes with the development of the bacterial cell wall. (Bactericidal)
McCurnin 10th Ed. Pg. 883
How does the mode of action for bacteriostatic drugs affect the bacteria?
17 AG
Inhibits bacterial protein synthesis.
McCurnin 10th Ed. Pg. 884
What is the difference between agonists and antagonists?
17 AG
Agonists will activate the action of an endogenous substrate at the receptor, while antagonists will block these actions.
McCurnin 10th Ed. Pg. 881
What is the mode of action for Benzimidazoles, or Antinematodal drugs?
17 AG
Compromises the parasitic cell wall integrity by disrupting beta-tubulin.
McCurnin 10th Ed. Pg. 885
What are the action sites of Spironolactone?
17 AG
The distal tubules and collecting ducts of the kidney.
McCurnin 10th Ed. Pg. 891
Describe the first pass effect
10 JM
Intestinal blood vessels that absorb oral drugs lead directly to the liver via the hepatic portal vein, which causes some drugs to be broken down before they have a chance to be distributed.
McCurnin 10th Ed
pg 880
The primary site of drug metabolism
10 JM
The liver
McCurnin’s 10th Ed
pg 882
Under the Controlled Substances Act, this schedule of drug has the lowest abuse potential
10 JM
Schedule 5
McCurnin’s 10th Ed
pg 878
This type of relationship is required for a veterinarian to prescribe a drug to a patient
10 JM
VCPR or Veterinarian-Client-Patient-Relationship
McCurnin’s 10th Ed
pg 878
These types of drugs reduce inflammation by blocking COX-2
10 JM
NSAIDS
McCurnin’s 10th ed
pg 894
What is the mode of action for aminoglycosides?
19 JY
Inhibit bacterial ribosomal protein production (bactericidal)
McCurnin’s 10th ed
pg. 883
What are four side effects that can be seen with cephalosporins?
19 JY
- Diarrhea
- Vomiting
- Anorexia
- Hypersensitivity Reactions
McCurnin’s 10th ed
pg. 883
What group of dogs can have CNS toxicity with the Avermectins?
19 JY
Collies
McCurnin’s 10th ed
pg. 887
What is the mode of action of Sulfonamides?
19 JY
Inhibit bacterial production of folic acid
McCurnin’s 10th ed
pg. 883
What class of parasites is Epsiprantel effective against?
19 JY
Cestodes
McCurnin’s 10th ed
pg. 885
What are the four stages related to pharmakokinetics?
Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion
3 LD
McCurnin’s 10th edition
pg. 879
Are antifungals selectively toxic to fungal organisms? if so how?
yes, they bind to or inhibit the synthesis of ergosterol in the cell membrane
McCurnin’s 10th edition
pg. 885
#5
What is the goal of many respiratory drugs?
To palliatively treat clinical signs and make the patient more comfortable
McCurnin’s 10th edition
pg. 891
#5
What are examples of respiratory drugs?
antitussives- control coughing
mucolytics and expectorants- decrease the thickness of mucous and help eliminate it
Decongestants- reduce swelling and congestion of nasal pathways
bronchodilators- widen the lumen of lower airways
respiratory stimulants.
McCurnin’s 10th edition
pg. 891
#5
What are the common side effects of anticonvulsants?
Sedation, ataxia, polydipsia/polyuria, polyphagia, weight gain
McCurnin’s 10th edition
pg. 892
#5
NSAIDS should not be used with what other medication? why
glucocorticoids, due to the risk of gastric ulceration and/or gastric perforation.
McCurnin’s 10th edition
pg. 896
#5
How is a parenteral drug administered?
SQ, IM, IV - Anyway that bypasses the digestive tract.
McCurnin’s 10th edition
pg. 879
#6
Which route of administration has the most bioavailability? And what percent bioavailability?
Intravenous administration has 100% bioavailability.
McCurnin’s 10th edition
pg. 880
#6
What is Pharmacodynamics?
The study of the biochemical and physiologic effects of drugs on the body.
McCurnin’s 10th edition
pg. 881
#6
What are the most common disease processes would effect the pharmacokinetics of a drug?
Cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, and liver disease.
McCurnin’s 10th edition
pg. 881
#6
Would you choose Benazepril or Enalapril in a dog that has kidney disease? Why?
Benazepril - Since this drug is eliminated by both the liver and the kidneys, the patient has a way of removing it. While Enalapril is only eliminated by the kidneys.
McCurnin’s 10th edition
pg#892
#6
What is the mode of action of fluroquinolones?
They inhibit DNA replication
3 LD
McCurnin’s 9th edition
pg. 961
Which antiparasitic drug is the only one that works against trematodes?
What other class of parasite can it treat for as well?
Praziquantel
Cestodes
3 LD
McCurnin’s 9th edition
pg. 963
Describe extra-label drug use. Which act gave veterinarians the legal right to use drugs in such a fashion?
Extra-label drug use refers to the use of a drug for species, uses and at dosage levels that are not specified in the label of the product. AMDUCA (Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act) gave veterinarians the legal right to use drugs in this manner.
3 LD
McCurnin’s 9th edition
pg. 973-974
What 7 things are required to be on a label of medication that is prescribed to a patient?
What must be added if the drug is a controlled substance?
The name, address and phone number of the dispensing location, client name, animal name and species, date dispensed, directions for use, name concentration and quantity of drug dispensed, and the name of prescribing veterinarian.
For controlled substances the label must include the following statement: “Caution: Federal law prohibits transfer of this drug to any person other than the patient for whom it was prescribed.”
3 LD
McCurnin’s 9th edition
pg. 977
lipid soluble (lipophilic)
vs.
water-soluble (hydrophilic) drugs
uncharged and easily absorbs across cell membranes
poorly absorbs across cell membranes–requires parental administration to be effective
18 SS
McCurnin’s 10th edition
pg. 880
Why are long-acting glucocorticoids avoided in patients?
1) suppresses production of glucocorticoids by adrenal glands
2) side effects last until drug is fully eliminated
3) difficult to taper off
18 SS
McCurrin’s 10th edition
pg. 893
What kind of drug is Digoxin? What is it used to treat?
Positive inotrope used to treat CHF/myocardial disease
18 SS
McCurrin’s 10th edition
pg. 889
What is the goal of diuretics?
Increase sodium and water excretion
18 SS
McCurrin’s 10th edition
pg. 889
What is the mode of action of tetracyclines?
Binds to ribosomes and inhibits protein synthesis
18 SS
McCurrin’s 10th edition
pg. 884
What are the schedules for controlled drugs?
1 - abuse potential high - not used in practice setting in US. ex - heroin, LSD
2 - abuse potential high - risk of severe psychic/physical dependence. ex - morphine
3 - abuse potential moderate - risk of moderate/low physical dependence. ex - ketamine
4 - abuse potential low - risk of limited physical or psychological dependence. ex - alfaxalone
5 - abuse potential low. ex - atropine
1 IB
McCurrin’s 10th edition
pg 878
What is the first pass effect?
intestinal blood vessels absorb oral drugs that lead to liver from the portal vein which causes drugs to be broken down before being distributed to tissues
1 IB
McCurrin’s 10th edition
pg 880
What are the factors affecting drug distribution?
relative tissue blood flow, degree of protein building, degree of tissue binding, physical anatomic barriers
1 IB
McCurrin’s 10th edition
pg 880
Difference between bactericidal and bacteriostatic.
bactericidal - kills bacteria
bateriostatic - inhibits bacterial replication
1 IB
McCurrin’s 10th edition
pg 882
How do glucocorticoids and NSAIDs reduce inflammation?
glucocorticoids - blocks the action of phospholipase
NSAIDs - blocks COX-2, some block lipoxygenase
1 IB
McCurrin’s 10th edition
pg 894
What is included in a dosage regimen?
7 MJ
- Drug dosage
- Dosage interval (SID,BID,TID,QID)
- Duration of treatment
McCurnin 10th ed pg 879
Why are NSAIDs used with caution in kidney disease/failure patients?
7 MJ
NSAIDs inhibit prostaglandins which help maintain renal blood flow
McCurnin 10th ed pg 882
What antiparasitic is used to kill adult heartworms in dogs?
7 MJ
Melarsomine
McCurnin 10th ed pg 885
Define narrow therapeutic index
7 MJ
Low ratio between therapeutic plasma levels and toxic plasma levels
McCurnin 10th ed pg 889
Why is it critical to take caution when administering a highly protein bound drug to a patient with hypoproteinemia?
7 MJ
There is less protein available for binding with the drug which allows for higher concentrations of free drug in the blood. This increases the chances of adverse side effects or overdosing.
McCurnin 10th ed pg 880
What is the generic name of the drug Baytril?
Enrofloxacin
McCurnin 10th ed pg 882
#16 RW
What are two common examples of ACE inhibitors used in veterinary medicine?
Enalapril and Benazepril
McCurnin 10th ed pg 892
#16 RW
Famotidine, Omeprazole, and Sucralfate are what type of GI medication?
Antacids and antiulcer drugs.
McCurnin 10th ed pg 891
#16 RW
What is the mode of Metronidazole?
Disrupts bacterial synthesis of DNA and nucleic acids.
McCurnin 10th ed pg 884
#16 RW
Is hyperthyroidism more common in dogs or cats?
Cats
McCurnin 10th ed pg 886
RW #16
What is pharmacokinetics?
a. How the drug is able to “move” throughout the body. Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination. (McCurnin 10th ed pg 879) #15 SS
What does it mean to compound a drug?
a. Manipulation of the form of a drug other than the labeled use. This is used to alter the dosage and ensure that the patient is getting the proper amount. (McCurnin 10th ed pg 896) #15 SS
What is the mechanism of action for betaa-blockers?
a. Prevents/prolongs the action potential on the beta receptors on the heart and lungs (McCurnin 10th ed pg 892) #15 SS
What are positive inotropes?
a. Drugs used to help the increase contractility of the heart muscles, helps increase the effort (McCurnin 10th ed pg 889) #15 SS
What is the mechanism of action for hypertensive drugs?
a. They dilate the blood vessels in the body to try and help reduce the blood pressure. (McCurnin 10th ed pg 889) #15 SS
Why does Cardiovascular disease increase the risk for toxicity to the heart and brain?
Cardiovascular disease causes there to be more blood distributed to the brain and heart, increasing toxicity risk.
#9 NM McCurnins 10th Edition Pg. 881
What’s the difference between dose dependant drug reactions vs Idiosyncratic drug reaction?
Dose dependant reactions are predictable and respond to drug reduction/withdrawal. Idiosyncratic reactions are unpredictable, not dose dependant, and don’t occur immediately.
#9 NM McCurnins 10th Edition Pg. 881
Which drug class inhibits bacterial ribosomal protein production?
Aminoglycosides
#9 NM McCurnins 10th Edition pg. 883
What drugs should the dose be adjusted if liver failure is present?
Metronidzole, Chloramphenicol, Benzodiazepines
#9 NM McCurnins 10th Edition pg. 883
This drug is both a positive inotrope and vasodilator (Venous and arterial dilation). It acts on the phosphodiesterase III enzyme.
Pimobendan
#9 NM McCurnins 10th Edition pg. 889
What is the purpose of prokinetics
8 PL McCurnins 10th Edition pg. 889
To increase peristalsis for patients with constipation/ileus
What type of drug is Enalapril and what is its MOA
8 PL McCurnins 10th Edition pg. 892
Type of drug: Antihypertensive
MOA: ACE inhibitor (Inhibits angiotensin converting enzyme)
What is the MOA of bronchodilators
8 PL McCurnins 10th Edition pg. 893
Interfere with calcium release causing smooth muscle relaxation in the airways
What is Metronidazole’s spectrum of action and adverse effects
8 PL McCurnins 10th Edition pg. 884
Spectrum of action: Obligate Anerobes
Adverse effects: nephrotoxicity (Dose related)
Define Half-Life
8 PL McCurnins 10th Edition pg. 881
The time required for the drug amount to decrease by one-half in the body
Dihydrocodeine is considered a class ___ drug.
-V
TM, #11, McCurnin’s (electronic version) 10th ed. Pg 2770.
What are examples of drugs affected by the P glycoprotein pump functionality?
- incristine, ketoconazole, loperamide, and digoxin are all examples #11, McCurnin’s (electronic version) 10th ed. Pg 2773.
What is steady state?
- After repeated doses of a drug, its plasma concentration stabilizes at a steady state when the amount of drug administered matches the amount being eliminated from the body.
#11, McCurnin’s (electronic version) 10th ed. Pg 2775
Why shouldn’t enteric-coated tablets be split?
- It destroys the coating, and causes early drug release.
#11, McCurnin’s (electronic version) 10th ed. Pg 2769
How is buprenorphine effectively absorbed in cats?
- Transmucosally via oral membranes.
#11, McCurnin’s (electronic version) 10th ed. Pg 2770
What are diuretics used for?
Diuretics are used to eliminate edema by alternating reabsorption of sodium with secondary effects on water and potassium levels.
KB,#2, McCurnin 10th ed. Pg 889
What is drug distribution? How do drugs leave the vascular space?
Distribution is the movement of an absorbed drug from the blood to various tissues in the body. Drugs leave the vascular space through fenestrations of blood vessel walls.KB,#2, McCurnin 10th ed. Pg 880
What are factors that influence drug distribution to the tissues?
Tissue blood flow, degree of protein binding, degree of tissue binding, anatomical barriers
KB,#2, McCurnin 10th ed. Pg 88o
What is drug clearance?
Is the rate at which a drug is removed from an organ or body expressed as the volume of plasma cleared of drug per unit time (ml/min)KB,#2, McCurnin 10th ed. Pg 881
What are three commonly used anticonvulsants for long term control of epileptic seizures?
Phenobarbital, Potassium bromide, and levatiracetam.
KB,#2, McCurnin 10th ed. Pg 891
What is the purpose of using a loading dose when administering certain medications
A loading dose is given initially to achieve a rapid therapeutic concentration of the drug in the body, especially when immediate effects are needed.
#4, GG, McCurnin 10th ed Pg. 880
How does the route of administration affect the absorption of medications in veterinary patients?
The route of administration significantly impacts the rate and extent of drug absorption. For example, intravenous administration provides the quickest onset of action compared to oral administration.
#4, GG, McCurnin 10th ed, Pg. 880
Why is it essential to understand drug interactions when administering multiple medications?
Knowledge of drug interactions is important to prevent adverse effects caused by interactions between different medications, such as potentiation or inhibition of drug effects.
#4, GG, McCurnin 10th ed, Pg. 881
Why is it important to follow the withdrawal times for medications in food-producing animals?
Following withdrawal times is important to ensure that drug residues are not present in the animal products (meat, milk, eggs) consumed by humans, which helps prevent potential adverse health effects and ensures food safety.
#4, GG, McCurnin 10th ed. Pg. 895-896
What major organ is involved in drug elimination?
Kidneys
#4, GG, McCurnin 10th ed Pg. 882
What is the most common drug delivery route for ectoparasite control.
Topical application.
14, BR, McCurnin’s 10th ed. Pg 886
What federal regulating bodies oversee veterinary pharmacology products?
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA), U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) and Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
14, BR, McCurnin’s 10th ed. Pg 895
What do we call the process of a drug being chemically modified to an active, inactive, or toxic metabolite?
Metabolism or biotransformation
14, BR, McCurnin’s 10th ed. Pg 880
What is defined as a “nondrug substance that is produced in a purified or extracted form and administered orally to provide agents required for normal body structure and function with the intent of improving the health and well-being of the animal.”
A nutraceutical. Legally, nutraceuticals are not considered medications and do not require prescriptions or any medical supervision to dispense or administer.
14, BR, McCurnin’s 10th ed. Pg. 879
What conditions can be treated by using immunosuppressants?
Immune mediated diseases such as hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, skin disease, polyarthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus.
14, BR, McCurnin’s 10th ed. Pg. 893
