Laboratory Procedures Flashcards
What kind of anticoagulant do lavender top tubes contain?
EDTA
#11, McCurnin’s (electronic version) 10th ed. Pg 1113
What do hematology analyzers measure?
RBCs, WBCs, platelets, hemoglobin, and cell size.
#11, McCurnin’s (electronic version) 10th ed. Pg 1115
What is RBC mass an indication of?
Oxygen carrying capacity in the blood which can be tested through PCV.
#11, McCurnin’s (electronic version) 10th ed. Pg 1115
How is HCT manually calculated?
MCV X RBC count= HCT
#11, McCurnin’s (electronic version) 10th ed. Pg 1119
What does the term anisocytosis refer to?
Variation in red blood cell size. This can be analyzed through a blood smear or by measuring an increase in RBC distribution.
#11, McCurnin’s (electronic version) 10th ed. Pg 3743
Why is it important to fill red top tubes before blood tubes with EDTA?
To avoid contamination of the anticoagulants found in the EDTA tube.
JY #19, McCurnin’s 10th ed. Pg. 365
What is a SNAP Heartworm test actually measuring?
Antibodies
JY #19, McCurnin’s 10th ed. Pg. 369
List disadvantages of urine collection via free catch, catheterization and cystocentesis
Free-catch urine may have contamination from the lower urethra, from around the urethral opening, and the lower urinary tract.
Catheterization may contain squamous epithelial cells from the urethra and may contain red blood cells if trauma occurred during placement
Cystocentesis may result in iatrogenic hemorrhage contributing to increased RBC and leukocytes.
McCurnin’s 10th ed. Pg. 370
#5
What happens to the pH of a urine sample when left out at room temperature?
It will become more alkaline
JY #19, McCurnin’s 10th ed. Pg. 371
What is the preferred method of urine collection when sampling for a culture and sensitivity ?
Cystocentesis
JY #19, McCurnin’s 10th ed. Pg. 370
What pH of urine is considered aciduric? alkaluric?
acidiuric in a pH below 7
alkaluric is a pH above 7
McCurnin’s 10th ed. Pg. 371
#5
What is the USG range for isothenuric?
0.008-0.012
McCurnin’s 10th ed. Pg. 371
#5
What temperature should urine be tested at?
Room temperature
McCurnin’s 10th ed. Pg. 371
#5
Isothenuria can be evidence of what disease in a dehydrated or overhydrated patient?
Kidney disease.
McCurnin’s 10th ed. Pg. 371
#5
What is azotemia and what are the three categories of azotemia?
Azotemia is an increased level of Blood Urea Nitrogen and Creatinine. The three categories of azotemia are pre-renal, renal, and post-renal.
3 LD
McCurnin’s 9th edition
pg 393
What is a test you can do to determine if you are seeing rouleaux or agglutination on a blood smear?
Add a drop of EDTA anticoagulated blood to 10 drops of saline and mix it gently. Place a drop of the diluted sample onto a clean slide and examine under the microscope. Saline will cause rouleaux to disperse but agglutination will not disperse.
3 LD
McCurnin’s 9th edition
pg 375
What crystals can be seen in the urine of a dog with ethylene glycol toxicity?
Calcium Oxalate monohydrate
3 LD
McCurnin’s 9th edition
pg 404
What parasite poses a great risk to pregnant women and has a feline definitive host?
Toxoplasma gondii
3 LD
McCurnin’s 9th edition
pg 435
What type of testing is commonly used for endocrinologic testing, detection of infectious diseases, or drug testing?
Serology
#9 McCurnin’s 10th Edition pg. 368
Foals can test positive for this virus for up to 6 months of age, just from ingesting maternal antibodies through colostrum
Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA)
#9 McCurnin’s 10th Edition pg. 368
What is cylindruria?
Increased number of casts
#9 McCurnin’s 10th Edition pg. 373
What type of casts indicate inflammation?
Leukocyte casts
#9 McCurnin’s 10th Edition pg. 373
What can occur if a serum sample is left on a clot to long after being spun down?
Decrease in glucose concentration
#9 McCurnin’s 10th Edition pg. 365
Name two common tests of the coagulation cascade
10 JM
PT (prothrombin time) and APTT (Activated partial thromboplastin time)
McCurnin 10th ed pg 358
On a blood smear, a stack of red blood cells resembling a stack of coins is called _____?
10 JM
Rouleaux
McCurnin 10th ed
pg 349
Urine should be examined, ideally, within _____ minutes after collection
10 JM
30 mins after collection
McCurnin 10th ed pg 369
This test detects subclinical mastitis, the positive sample has a gel like consistency
The California Mastitis Test
#10 JM
McCurnin 10th ed pg 416
A left shift is described as _____
10 JM
An increased number of circulating band neutrophils
McCurnin 10th ed pg 356
What are some examples of preanalytical factors?
-Precollection/collection procedures
-Sample handling
-Patient variables (age/breed/diet)
8 PL McCurnin 10th Edition pg. 365
What is the purpose of clinical chemistry?
-Screen for disease
-Assess surgery risk
-Distinguish diagnosis
-Assess disease severity
-Monitor disease response to treatment
-Infer organ/cellular function
8 PL McCurnin 10th Edition pg. 364
What type of test is an Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)?
A serology test
8 PL McCurnin 10th Edition pg. 368
What could it mean if a urine sample is red/reddish brown
The presence of Red Blood Cells in the urine or “Hematuria”
8 PL McCurnin 10th Edition pg. 370
What does an increase leukocyte count in a urinalysis indicate?
Inflammation of the urinary tract also termed a “Pyuria”
8 PL McCurnin 10th Edition pg. 373
What can Heinz Bodies indicate in a canine blood smear?
Ingestion of Onions, Garlic, and Zinc-containing objects.
McCurnin 10th Ed. Pg. 353 #17 AG
What are the characteristics that should be recorded during a gross examination of feces?
Consistency, Color, Blood, Mucous, and Gross Parasites.
McCurnin 10th Ed. Pg. 380 #17 AG
What is the minimal USG that indicates dehydration in dogs and cats?
1.030 in Dogs
1.035 in Cats
McCurnin 10th Ed. Pg. 371 #17 AG
Which species are Lymphocytes the predominant circulating cell?
Cattle, Sheep, and Goats
McCurnin 10th Ed. Pg. 357 #17 AG
Which RBC morphological change is characterized by a mouth-like clear area near the center of the cell?
Stomatocyte
McCurnin 10th Ed. Pg. 350 #17 AG
Which increased enzymes indicate hepatic cell damage in cats/dogs vs. horses/cattle?
Cats/dogs–ALT & AST
Horses/cattle–AST & SDH
SS 18
McCurnin’s 10th Edition
pg. 364
Increased serum glucose indicates what?
Diabetes mellitus, excitement, or stress
SS 18
McCurnin’s 10th Edition
pg. 364
What collection factors can cause hemolysis of blood sample?
–difficult venipuncture
–excessive pressure on syringe
–rough transfer to blood tube
–vigorous mixing
SS 18
McCurnin’s 10th Edition
pg. 365
What species does not normally have traces of bilirubin in their urine?
Cats–bilirubinuria always indicates disease
SS 18
McCurnin’s 10th Edition
pg. 372
How are waxy casts formed?
continue degeneration of granular casts that indicates chronic renal lesions
SS 18
McCurnin’s 10th Edition
pg. 373
What values would you expect to see in a dehydrated patient with normal kidney function?
7 MJ
Increased BUN
Increased CREA
High USG
McCurnins 10th ed pg 364
How long should an animal be fasted prior to blood sampling?
7 MJ
12 hours
McCurnins 10th ed pg 365
T/F: Ketones can be detected in urine before reaching detectable levels in blood
7 MJ
True
McCurnins 10th ed pg 372
What are normal casts? Abnormal casts?
7 MJ
Normal: hyaline, granular
Abnormal: cellular, waxy, fatty
McCurnins 10th ed pg 373
What is a normal crystal found in horse and rabbit urine?
7 MJ
Calcium carbonate crystals
McCurnins 10th ed pg 371
What is lipemia?
1 IB
a high concentration of fats in the blood
McCurrin’s 10th edition pg 364
How many constituents does the routine chemistry panel run?
1 IB
10-20 constituents
McCurrin’s 10th edition pg 364
What factors affect pre-analytical factors?
1 IB
pre-collection and collection procedures, sample labeling and handling, processing, and shipping
McCurrin’s 10th edition pg 365
What is kentonuria?
1 IB
when there is metabolic diseases that have a increase in lipids or an impaired carbohydrate metabolism
McCurrin’s 10th edition pg 372
What is bilirubin?
1 IB
is the result from the metabolism of hemoglobin and is excreted in bile
McCurrin’s 10th edition pg 372
What is the normal serum color for dogs and cats?
Clear and Colorless
#6
McCurrin’s 10th edition pg 366
What is the normal serum color for horses and ruminants?
Light yellow
#6
McCurrin’s 10th edition pg 366
What information would be helpful to be on the label of sample tubes?
Owner name, pet name, medical record number, age, breed, and sex.
#6
McCurrin’s 10th edition pg 366
Of the common ways of collecting urine, which is the least desirable and why?(Free catch, cystocentesis, catheterization, or collection from floor/cage)
Collection from the floor or cage, this is due to the high likelihood of environmental contamination.
#6
McCurrin’s 10th edition pg 369
What does the SNAP 4DX plus screen for?
Heartworm antigen, and antibodies for Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease), Ehrlichia canis/Ehrlichia ewingii, Anaplasma phagocytophyllum/Anaplasma platys
#6
McCurrin’s 10th edition pg 369
How are ectoparasites identified?
Mostly based on their appearance to the naked eye though some will need microscopic examination.
3 LD
McCurnin’s 10th edition
pg 378
Heart-worm’s scientific name is ?
Dirofilaria immitis
KB2, McCurnin’s 10th ed pg 384
How is microfilariae diagnosed?
Blood smear is examined for microfilariae
KB2, McCurnin’s 10th ed pg 384
Where can heartworm larva be spotted in a hematocrit tube?
in the buffy coat
KB2, McCurnin’s 10th ed pg 385
What is an important part of removing a tick?
Making sure residual tick mouth parts are never left in the skin it could cause secondary infection
KB2, McCurnin’s 10th ed pg 390
What is something you must tell clients if Echinococcus is discovered?
That Echinococcus is a zoonotic parasite
KB2, McCurnin’s 10th ed pg 384
Type of RBCs that appear round and lack the central pallor?
16 RW
Spherocytes
McCurnin’s 10th edition pg 351
Special stain used to help identify Heinz bodies on a blood smear
16 RW
New Methylene Blue
McCurnin’s 10th edition pg 353
Tool used for doing manual white blood cell counts
16 RW
Hemocytometer
McCurnin’s 10th edition pg 346
What is the normal HCT level for an adult canine?
16 RW
36 - 54
McCurnin’s 10th edition pg 349
Which abnormal RBC type will be seen with if a patient has been envenomated by a rattlesnake?
16 RW
Echinocytes
McCurnin’s 10th edition pg 350
Do carnivores tend to have more acidic or alkalotic blood?
Acidic
McCurnin 10th ed pg 371
#15
What is a urolith?
A urinary stone
McCurnin 10th ed pg 373
#15
What cells might appear in a cystocentesis sample, that would be considered normal?
RBC caused by the poking into the abdomen
McCurnin 10th ed pg 373
#15
What is a quick way to test for USG?
Placing a single drop on a refractometer and reading in.
McCurnin 10th ed pg370
#15
What does “icteric” refer to?
The yellow color of serum
McCurnin 10th ed pg 364
#15
Urine should be examined within how many minutes of collection?
30 minutes
p. 369 Ch.12 McCurnin’s Clinical Textbook for Veterinary Technician 10th ed. GMR #13
Define Poikilocytosis.
Variation in RBC shape.
p. 350 Ch. 12 McCurnin’s Clinical Textbook for Veterinary Technician 10th ed. GMR #13
Define Leptocytes.
RBCs with an increased surface area.
P. 350 Ch.12 McCurnin’s Clinical Textbook for Veterinary Technician 10th ed. GMR #13
What is the normal urine pH for herbivores? Is it acidic or alkaline urine?
7.5-8.5 (Alkaline)
p. 371 Ch. 12 McCurnin’s Clinical Textbook for Veterinary Technician 10th ed. GMR #13
Name a dog breed in which macroplatelets may be normal?
Cavalier King Charles Spaniel.
P. 350 Ch. 12 McCurnin’s Clinical Textbook for Veterinary Technician 10th ed. GMR #13
Pyuria is frequently associated with?
Infection.
Pg. 373 Ch.12 McCurnin’s 10th ed #12
What can serum enzymes detect?
Hepatocellular injury, cholestasis or muscle damage.
Pg 364 Ch.12 McCurnin’s 10th ed #12
How many occasional leukocytes and RBCs are found in urine?
0-8 per HPF voided sample
0-5 per HPF catheterized sample
0-3 per HPF cystocentesis sample
Pg 373 Ch.12 McCurnin’s 10th ed #12
Which type of crystals are seen in Dalmatians urine?
Ammonium biurate.
Pg 375 Ch.12 McCurnin’s 10th ed #12
Why does urine ph increase from sitting out?
Loss of CO2.
Pg 371 Ch.12 McCurnin’s 10th ed #12
What urine color change is associated with bilirubin?
Dark yellow, yellow brown, or yellow green color.
14 BR
McCurnin’s 10th ed. pg 371
What four factors must be evaluated to distinguish between prerenal and renal azotemia?
BUN, Serum Creatinine, Urine Specific Gravity, Hydration Status
14 BR
McCurnin’s 10th ed. pg 364
If analysis of a urine sample has to be delayed, what should the sample be protected from?
Ultraviolet light. The sample can be stored in a refrigerator for up to 6-24 hours.
14 BR
McCurnin’s 10th ed. pg 369
In which species is it normal for urine to not be clear?
Equine and lagomorph. Both species’ urine normally contains calcium carbonate crystals, and lagomorphs have the addition of mucus.
14 BR
McCurnin’s 10th ed. pg 371
Glycosuria is present when urine glucose exceeds what amount?
Dogs- 180 mg/dL
Cats- 300 mg/dL
Horses/cattle- 100 mg/dL
14 BR
McCurnin’s 10th ed. pg 372
What specific details are evaluated in a blood smear for red blood cells
we look at their size, shape, color, and any abnormalities under a microscope after staining a blood smear.
#4, GG, McCurnin Pg. 348
what aspects are considered when evaluating white blood cell counts in a blood smear?
involves assessing the total number of white blood cells present, the different types of white blood cells (neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils), and any abnormalities
#4, GG, McCurnin Pg. 346
What does pale yellow urine indicate?
Pale yellow urine typically indicates dilute urine, which can be due to high fluid intake or certain medical conditions
#4, GG, McCurnin Pg. 370
What are some possible causes of cloudy or turbid urine?
Cloudy or turbid urine can be caused by the presence of cells (such as white blood cells or red blood cells), crystals, bacteria, mucus, or lipiduria
#4, GG, McCurnin Pg. 370
How does the concentration of urine affect its color?
The concentration of urine affects its color, with more concentrated urine appearing darker (amber) and less concentrated urine appearing lighter (pale yellow).
#4, GG, McCurnin Pg. 370
