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VET 2050 Fa24 > ER > Flashcards

ER Flashcards

1
Q

How much water (%) makes up the body?

A

60%
#11, McCurnin’s (electronic version) 10th ed. Pg 2381

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2
Q

What are the two main types of IV fluids?

A

Crystalloids and Colloids.
#11, McCurnin’s (electronic version) 10th ed. Pg 2383

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3
Q

Hypotonic fluids have _____ (less or more) osmolality than that of blood?

A

Less
#11, McCurnin’s (electronic version) 10th ed. Pg 2384

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3
Q

What is the shock dose in ml/kg while using a colloid in cats?

A

10-15 ml/kg
#11, McCurnin’s (electronic version) 10th ed. Pg 2387

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4
Q

What are the sites available in small animal for IVC placement?

A

Cephalic veins, medial/lateral saphenous veins, or jugular veins.
#11, McCurnin’s (electronic version) 10th ed. Pg 2395

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5
Q

What is SIRS?

A

1 IB

systemic inflammatory response syndrome
widespread vasodilation, leading to hypotension, tachycardia, tachypnea, fever

McCurrin’s 10th edition pg 781

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6
Q

basic Life support vs advanced life support

A

1 IB

basic life support - chest compressions and ventilation
advanced life support
advanced life support - medications, defibrillation, open-chest procedures

McCurrin’s 10th edition pg 784

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7
Q

What drugs are commonly used in CPR?

A

1 IB

epinephrine - indications: asystole, PEA
atropine - indications: bradyarrhythmias, vagally mediated arrests, AV block
vasopressin - indications: asystole, PEA

McCurrin’s 10th edition pg 787

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8
Q

What is atrial fibrillation?

A

1 IB

a rapid, irregularly irregular rhythm that has supraventricular morphology QRS complexes and no identifiable P waves, presence of fibrillatory waves

McCurrin’s 10th edition pg 798

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9
Q

What are ventricular premature complexes?

A

1 IB

abnormal beats from the ventricular myocardium, wide QRS complex, from outside the normal conduction system

McCurrin’s 10th edition pg 799

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10
Q

After CPR what is the patient at risk for?

A

Thromboembolism and acute respiratory distress
#9 McCurnins 10th Edition pg. 787

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11
Q

Surgical decompression of the rumen

A

Rumenostomy
#9 McCurnins 10th Edition pg. 814

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12
Q

What is one of the most serious complications of shock?

A

DIC (Disseminated intravascular coagulation)
#9 McCurnins 10th Edition pg.781

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13
Q

A complex sydrome resulting from altered blood flow or impaired oxygen delivery to tissues

A

Shock
#9 McCurnins 10th Edition
pg. 779

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14
Q

Categories of mentation

A

Normal
Dull/depressed
Obtunded
Stuporous
Comotose
#9 McCurnins 10th Edition pg. 777

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15
Q

What should be included in a clinic crash cart?

A

Emergency medications, needles, syringes, laryngoscope, endotracheal tubes, ambu bag
McCurnins 10th Edition pg. 779
#5

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16
Q

What are the 4 different types of shock?

A

Cardiogenic, Hypovolemic, Obstructive, distributive.
McCurnins 10th Edition pg. 780
#5

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17
Q

What position should cats and small dogs be in when preforming CPR?

A

Lateral recumbency with handlers hands encircling the ventral chest
McCurnins 10th Edition pg. 784
#5

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18
Q

What is an important step to help maintain urinary catheters?

A

Flushing the prepuce or vulvar vestibule with dilute chlorhexidine solution three times a day
McCurnins 10th Edition pg. 790
#5

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19
Q

What is administered to patients with hyperkalemia due to urethral obstruction?

A

Calcium gluconate
McCurnins 10th Edition pg. 790
#5

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20
Q

What type of cardiac rhythm do cats present with when they are in shock?

A

Bradycardia
McCurnins 10th Edition pg. 776
#19 JY

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21
Q

What clinical signs would see in a patient with 5% dehydration?

A

Mild mucous membrane dryness
McCurnins 10th Edition pg. 778
#19 JY

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22
Q

What clinical signs would you see in patient with 7% dehydration?

A

Mild loss of skin turgor, dry mucous membranes, possible mild tachycardia.
McCurnins 10th Edition pg. 778
#19 JY

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23
Q

What drugs are safe to be administered via an ET tube? (Hint: remember the acronym NAVEL)

A

Naloxone, Atropine, Vasopressin, Epinephrine, and Lidocaine
McCurnins 10th Edition pg. 787
#19 JY

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23
Q

What clinical signs would you see in a patient with 10% dehydration?

A

Pronounced loss of skin turgor, dry mucous membranes, tachycardia, weak pulses, sunken eyes
McCurnins 10th Edition pg. 778
#19 JY

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24
Q

What things should be included in an initial triage examination of the cardiovascular system?

A

Mentation assessment, heart rate, pulse and quality, CRT, extremity temperature, MM color
#10 JM
McCurnins 10th Ed pg 776

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25
Q

How long should one person perform a cycle of chest compressions?

A

Two minutes, then switch people.
#10 JM
McCurnins 10th ed pg 785

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26
Q

An animal in “praying posture” indicates___?

A

Abdominal pain
#10 JM
McCurnins 10th ed pg 777

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27
Q

What is included in Advanced life support during CPR?

A

ER medications, open-chest procedures, defibrillation
#10 JM
McCurnins 10th ed pg 784

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28
Q

What is borborymi?

A

A sound made by the GI tract that sounds like growling or rumbling
#10 JM
McCurnins 10th ed pg 776

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29
Q

What should be monitored for an IVC and how often?

A

Patency, evidence of infection, and phlebitis. It should be checked at least once a day.
8 PL McCurnin 10th edition pg. 789

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30
Q

What is a sinus bradycardia?

A

A regular rhythm that originates from the SA node and is slower than normal.
8 PL McCurnin 10th edition pg. 796

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31
Q

What is a Ventricular Tachycardia?

A

a run of four or more VPC’s in succession at a rapid rate. They can be sustained or unsustained
8 PL McCurnin 10th edition pg. 799

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32
Q

What is the purpose of a Tracheotomy?

A

A tracheotomy is essential in order to relieve respiratory distress caused by upper airway obstructions.
8 PL McCurnin 10th edition pg. 809

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33
Q

What are the considerations for inducing vomiting (emesis)

A

Species, length of time since toxin ingestion, type of toxin and previous patient medical records.
8 PL McCurnin 10th edition pg. 826

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34
Q

What is the RECOVER Initiative?

A

17 AG

The first evidence based guidelines for veterinary CPR, identifying proper posture technique and compression points.

McCurnin 10th Ed. Pg. 784

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35
Q

What are the ABCs of triage?

A

17 AG

Airway/Attitude
Breathing/Bleeding
Cardiovascular/Circulation

McCurnin 10th Ed. Pg. 775

36
Q

What are some common causes of SIRS?

A

17 AG

Trauma, Surgery, Shock, CPA, Heat Stroke, Envenomation.

McCurnin 10th Ed. Pg. 781

37
Q

What measurements of ETCO2 are reliable indicators of successful compressions?

A

17 AG

> 10-15 mmHg

McCurnin 10th Ed. Pg. 785

38
Q

What rhythms are considered ‘normal’ cardiac arrythmias?

A
39
Q

During cardiopulmonary resuscitation what is the correct rate for compressions and breaths?

A

100-120 bpm and around 10 breaths per minute.

3 LD
McCurnin’s 10th ed
pg 784

40
Q

What are the three phases of fluid administration?

A

Resuscitation, replacement and then maintenance.

3 LD
McCurnin’s 10th ed
pg 756-757

41
Q

What should me included in the initial triage of ER patient?

A

Brief history and physical exam
Discussion with owner about resuscitation status and initial treatment

SS 18
McCurnin’s 10th Edition
pg. 775

42
Q

What is the proper placement of obstetric chains when extracting calves?

A

The chain should be wrapped around the calf’s leg proximal to the fetlock and a half-hitch should be placed below the fetlock.

3 LD
McCurnin’s 10th ed
pg 819

43
Q

What are indicators of traumatic brain injury (TBI)?

A
  • abrupt changes in mentation
  • changes in pupil size, symmetry, and responsiveness
  • altered gait, posture, and proprioception
  • physical evidence of head trauma

SS 18
McCurnin’s 10th Edition
pg. 777

44
Q

What are clinical signs of choke and how is it resolved?

A

CS: gagging, retching, and excessive drooling

Tx: If the esophageal obstruction is a ball of feed material and can be massaged and broken up then that can treat choke, if the obstruction cannot be broken up then an esophageal tube is passed to push the obstruction into the rumen.

3 LD
McCurnin’s 10th ed
pg 815

45
Q

What is open-chest CPR?

A

Involves making an incision in left 5th intercostal space, freeing the heart from attachments, and direction massaging heart from apex to base (simulates normal contractions)

SS 18
McCurnin’s 10th Edition
pg. 785

46
Q

What is the main risk of placing rumen trocar to relieve bloat in cattle?

A

Leakage of rumen fluid around trocar leading to peritonitis

SS 18
McCurnin’s 10th Edition
pg. 814

47
Q

What fruit commonly causes esophageal obstruction in cattle?

A

Hedge apple

SS 18
McCurnin’s 10th Edition
pg. 815

48
Q

What is transfaunation?

A

The transfer of ruminal microbes from one individual to another to benefit the ruminal contents of the patient if they are abnormal.

3 LD
McCurnin’s 10th ed
pg 815

49
Q

When is azotemia concidered prerenal?

A

When SG is >1.050 and is secondary to dehydration
2 KB
McCurnin’s 10th ed pg778

50
Q

What is the most complicated and fatal form of shock?

A

Disseminated intravascular coagulation
2 KB
McCurnin’s 10th ed pg781

51
Q

Basic life support vs advanced life support

A

Basic - chest compressions, ventilation
Advanced- medication, defibrillation, open- chest procedure
2 KB
McCurnin’s 10th ed pg 784

52
Q

What can happen if there is excessive ventilation during CPR?

A

Cerebral vasoconstriction and decreased blood flow to the brain
2 KB
McCurnin’s 10th ed pg 786

53
Q

What are important things to do for animals in respiratory distress?

A

Oxygen supplementation, sedation, decreasing stress as much as possible
2 KB
McCurnin’s 10th ed pg790

54
Q

What is indicative of 2nd degree AV block on an ECG strip?

A

Some P waves that will not be followed by QRS complex.

16 RW
McCurnin’s 10th ed pg 801

55
Q

Which arrhythmia should be immediately treated with electrical defibrillation?

A

Ventricular fibrillation.

16 RW
McCurnin’s 10th ed pg 800

56
Q

Procedure preformed to remove fluid from the abdomen?

A

Abdominocentesis

16 RW
McCurnin’s 10th ed pg 781

57
Q

What are the three arrest rhythms?

A

Asystole
Pulseless electrical activity
ventricular fibrillation

16 RW
McCurnin’s 10th ed pg 786

58
Q

GDV patients typically present in which type of shock?

A

Obstrictive

16 RW
McCurnin’s 10th ed pg 790

59
Q

What is the primary goal of triage in emergency veterinary medicine?

A

To quickly assess patients and prioritize treatment based on severity and urgency.
#4, GG, McCurnin, Pg. 775

60
Q

What are the clinical signs of hypovolemia in small animals?

A
  1. Tachycardia
  2. Poor capillary refill
  3. Decreased urine output
  4. Weak peripheral pulses
  5. Decreased blood pressure
    #4, GG, McCurnin, Pg. 777
61
Q

What are the key considerations for caring for recumbent patients?

A
  1. Prevent pressure sores
  2. Maintain proper hygiene
  3. Manage respiratory and cardiovascular function
  4. Provide adequate nutrition
    #4, GG, McCurnin, Pg. 789
62
Q

What are the primary goals of fluid therapy in critically ill patients?

A
  1. Restore fluid volume
  2. Maintain tissue perfusion
  3. Correct electrolyte imbalances
  4. Support blood pressure
    #4, GG, McCurnin, Pg. 777
63
Q

What are the key indicators of cardiac arrhythmias

A
  1. Abnormal heart rate
  2. Irregular rhythm
  3. Pulse deficits
  4. ECG changes
  5. Clinical signs (lethargy, weakness, syncope)
    #4, GG, McCurnin, Pg. 796
64
Q

What are some common abnormalitlies you can see on a Thoracic Ultrasound?

A

Pneumonia, pleuropneumonia, lung abscesses, tumors, and presence of fluid or air in the pleural space.
McCurnin’s pg 807, #12 OR

65
Q

What is DIC?

A

Disseminated Intravascular coagulation, one of the most serious complications of shock, often times is fatal despite treatment.
McCurnin’s pg 781, #12 OR

66
Q

When should a chest tube be placed?

A

More than two thoracocenteses are needed within a few hours.
McCurnin’s pg 782, #12 OR

67
Q

What is Cardiopulmonary Arrest?

A

CPA is a cessation of spontaneous respirations and a lack of a perfusing heart rhythm. This often occurs as the terminal event in a chronic disease process but also can happen after trauma, critical illness or in anesthesia complications.
McCurnin’s pg 784, #12 OR

68
Q

When do Junctional escape beats occur?

A

When the AV node acts as a subsidiary pacemaker in the event that a sinus impulse is not generated or conducted. It shows on ECG as a narrow supraventricular morphology QRS complex that occurs after a pause greater than 1 second, with a negative P wave occurring before, on, or after the QRS complex.
McCurnin’s pg 802, #12 OR

69
Q

What are 6 guidelines for fracture stabilization?

A
  1. Stabilize the patient and control hemorrhage
  2. Relieve pain and anxiety
  3. Control wound infection
  4. Prevent neurovascular trauma
  5. Prevent trauma to muscle and skin adjacent to the fracture site
  6. Minimize trauma to fractured bone ends.
    McCurnin’s 10th ed. pg. 810
    #13
70
Q

How does distributive shock occur? Give examples of causes.

A

Occurs from maldistribution of blood flow, from inappropriate vasodilation leading to pooling of blood in the capillaries. Anaphylaxis, sepsis, heatstroke and envenomation.
McCurnin’s 10th ed. pg. 780
#13

71
Q

What are three postures related to neurologic injury?

A

Decerebrate Posture
Decerebellate Posture
Schiff-Sherrington Posture
McCurnin’s 10th ed. pg. 777
#13

72
Q

Describe decerebellate posture.

A

Rigid forelimbs, flexed hindlimbs, rigidity may be noted in all four limbs. Normal mentation.
McCurnin’s 10th ed. pg. 777
#13

73
Q

What is hydroflotation? What are advantages and disadvantages to using hydroflotation?

A

Hydroflotation is an option for assisting down cows to stand, requires the use of specialized float tanks.
Advantages: Causes the least trauma and is likely to produce a favorable outcome
Disadvantages: Risk of drowning, hypothermia and infection from submergence in dirty water.
McCurnin’s 10th ed. pg. 817
#13

74
Q

What situations indicate that a thoracic drain should be placed?

A

Large amounts of air or fluid are present in the thoracic cavity, or more than 2 thoracocenteses have been required over a few hours.
14 BR
McCurnin’s 10th ed. pg. 782

75
Q

What is the dosing for defibrillators?

A

Biphasic defibrillators: 2-4 joules per kg
Monophasic defibrillators: 4-6 joules per kg
Open-chest: 0.2-0.4 joules per kg
Start on the low end of the range
14 BR
McCurnin’s 10th ed. pg. 786

76
Q

What is the most serious complication of equine rectal examination?

A

Rectal tears; they can be life threatening. Restraint, especially using a standing stock, can help minimize risks.
14 BR
McCurnin’s 10th ed. pg. 805

77
Q

What source of dystocia can be corrected by rolling the animal?

A

Uterine torsion, wherin the uterus twists in rleation to the pelvis.
14 BR
McCurnin’s 10th ed. pg. 820

78
Q

What are the flow rate requirements for therapeutic oxygen administration in horses?

A

At least 15 L/min for adults
As little as 5 L/min for foals, miniature horses or other smaller patients
14 BR
McCurnin’s 10th ed. pg. 809

79
Q

What is a dystocia?

A

Difficult labor/delivery. Most common obstetric emergency
McCurnin’s 10th ed. pg. 819
#15

80
Q

What are the desired landmarks for placing a tracheotomy?

A

Ventral midline of the neck
McCurnin’s 10th ed. pg. 809
#15

81
Q

What is ileus?

A

The mechanical obstruction of the GI tract. Can be detrimental for large animals.
McCurnin’s 10th ed. pg. 805
#15

82
Q

What is a sinus arrythmia?

A

An irregularly regular arrythmia, particularly in dogs, due to increased vagal tone.
McCurnin’s 10th ed. pg. 796
#15

83
Q

How to see if chest compressions during CPR are effective?

A

Can hook the patient up and read ETCO2.
McCurnin’s 10th ed. pg. 785
#15

84
Q

What does the orthopnea posture look like in a patient? What does this posture indicate?

A

7 MJ

Extended neck, standing/crouching with elbows slightly away from sides

This posture indicates severe dyspnea

McCurnins 10th ed pg 776

85
Q

If a patient has severe hypernatremia, what can develop if this patient if rehydrated too rapidly?

A

7 MJ

Cerebral edema

McCurnins 10th ed pg 778

86
Q

What do animals present when they are in the terminal stages of shock?

A

7 MJ

  • Massive vasodilation
  • Hypotension
  • Cardiac arrest

McCurnins 10th ed pg 779

87
Q

What sampling tubes should be used for abdominocentesis fluid collection?

A

7 MJ

Red top or purple top

McCurnins 10th ed pg 781

88
Q

When arthrocentesis is performed, the needle should ______ be introduced through a wound.

A

7 MJ

Never!

McCurnins 10th ed pg 812

VET 2050 Fa24 (10 decks)

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