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BDS1 > Pharmacology of the autonimic NS > Flashcards

Pharmacology of the autonimic NS Flashcards

1
Q

what NS provides voluntary responses?

A

Somatic

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2
Q

what does the autonomic NS do?

A

provides involuntary responses

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3
Q

what are the divisions of the autonomic NS

A

parasympathetic - rest and digest

sympathetic - fight or flight

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4
Q

what are slow responses to change mediated by?

A

complex processes - hormones, neurotransmitters, GF, cytokines and other substances causing changes in gene expression leading to a long term adaptation

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5
Q

what is the autonomic system defined as?

A

the neuronal groups and fibre connections that control the activity of the heart, visceral organs, blood vessels and glands

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6
Q

how does the autonomic NS maintain homeostasis?

A

by directly or indirectly (by controlling blood supply) facilitating the response of virtually every organ system to varying external and internal demands

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7
Q

what does the parasympathetic branch do

A

important for digestion, excretion, visual accommodation

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8
Q

what does the sympathetic branch do

A

important for controlling the cardiovascular system and reflex responses to stressful situations
-more widespread innervation and effects than parasymp

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9
Q

what are the properties of the parasympathetic pathway

A
  • same structure and chemicals wherever in the body
  • acetylcholine NT in the ganglia activating the post ganglionic nerve which also releases Ach NT.
    receptors for each are different.
    in the ganglion there are nicotinic receptors and in the effector organs at the NMJ are muscarinic cholinergic receptors
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10
Q

what are the properties of the sympathetic pathway

A

have different structures

  • releases Ach and had nicotinic cholinergic receptors
  • however the neuroeffector junction is different, releases noradrenaline and has alpha or beta adrenergic receptors
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11
Q

what is the general system of the sympathetic and parasympathetic NS

A
  • both have 2 nerve fibres in series
  • different location of ganglia for symp and parasymp
  • there are not discrete nerve endings but periodic effect as it runs along the effector called varicosities which is where the NT is present
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12
Q

what does the somatic motor neurone do

A
  • for completeness not part of ANS
  • release Ach onto muscle fibres which have nicotinic receptors but the nicotinic receptor structure is different to in the autonomic system so drugs can directly effect them
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13
Q

what are cholinergic receptors and what forms do they come in?

A

-important for ANS function and respond to Ach
two forms
-muscarinic
-nicotinic

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14
Q

properties of muscarinic receptors

A
  • present in effector muscle or gland and respond to Ach
  • G protein coupled
  • 5 subtypes M1-M5
  • M2 receptors in the heart when activated reduce cAMP
  • M3 receptors are in smooth muscle and glands. When activated causes increase in IP3/DAG increasing Ca conc for contraction
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15
Q

properties of nicotinic receptors

A
  • present on the effector muscle or gland respond to Ach
  • channel and receptor combined, when Ach binds causes depolarisation to activate the cells
  • present on the muscle in somatic NS are N1 and in ganglionic receptors are N2
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16
Q

what happens in both nicotinic and muscarinic receptors

A

aCH BINDS CAUSIG CHANNELS TO OPEN ACTIVATING THE CELLS

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17
Q

what are adrenergic receptors?

A

important to ANS function and respond to both noradrenaline and adrenaline and come in two forms
- alpha and beta

18
Q

what are the properties of alpha adrenergic receptors

A

have two subtypes a1 and a2, each has three subtypes which ca be differentially targeted by drugs

19
Q

what happens when a1 adrenergic receptors are activated?

A

activated Gq to stimulate IP3/CA2 and DAG second messenger pathways major effect is to raise cellular Ca2+

20
Q

what happens when a2 adrenergic receptors are activated?

A

activated Gi to inhibit adenylate cyclase and decr cellular cAMP, mainly located pre-synaptically, acts to decr release of noradrenaline

21
Q

what are the properties of beta adrenergic receptors?

A

3 subtypes and they all activate Gs to increase cAMP

22
Q

what are the three beta adrenergic subtypes and what are there specifications

A

B1 - cardiac subtype
B2 - main vascular and airways subtype
B3 - mainly found in adipose also important in bladder

23
Q

non adrenergic, non cholinergic neurotransmission- what are other neurotransmitters released along with

A

Ach or Noradrenaline

- called co transmission

24
Q

NANC - what may stronger levels of stimulation cause

A

different patterns of neurotransmitter release, therefore allowing differential control of target cell function

25
Q

NANC - where can NANC transmission occur

A

in both ganglionic and post ganglionic synapses and is particularly important in CNS neurones and in the enteric NS

26
Q

example of NANC neurotransmission - neuropeptide y and ATP

A
  • release of neuropeptide Y and ATP along with NA which promotes vasoconstriction
27
Q

example of NANC neurotransmission - nitric oxide and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide with Ach

A

this causes vasodilation

- released by some post ganglionic sympathetic

28
Q

what are some sympathetic effects

A

-inc HR and force of contraction
-vasoconstriction in splanchnic circulation ( abdominal organs) incr blood pressure
- vasodilation of the arteries in the heart and skeletal muscles and increased renin release from the kidney, increase blood inc blood pressure
- bronchodilation
- inc blood glc and free fatty acids
- pupil dilation
- piloerection
decreased GI motility - slowing digestion
- loss of erection in males
- sweating
- ejaculation
- bladder relaxation

29
Q

in fight or flight how does SNS respond

A

all activated at once

- at non stressful times can be organ specific

30
Q

parasympathetic effects

A
  • dec HR
  • Inc GI tract and other secretions
  • inc GI contractions which mix and propel GI contents
  • bronchoconstriction
  • visual accommodation
  • pupil constriction
  • defecation
  • erection
31
Q

what organs do Symp and Parasymp NS have antagonistic effects?

A

heart
pupils
GI tract
Urinea muscle

32
Q

what organs do Symp and Parasymp NS not have antagonistic effects?

A

arteries
exocrine glands
metabolism
renin

33
Q

under resting conditions what NS is the heart dominated by?

A

parasymp

34
Q

what is the baroreceptor reflex

A

an autonomic reflex that controls blood pressure

35
Q

what is the process of the baroreceptor reflex

A
  • BP distends arterial wall
  • afferent nerve endings stimulated by inc stretch
  • signal to NTS (nucelus tractus solitarus in brain stem)
  • inc parasympathetic drive to heart which decr HR and cardiac output
  • symp drive to heart veins and arteries decr
  • decr heart rate and force of contraction
  • arterial constriction and total peripheral resistance decr
  • venous construiction dec which decr cardiac output
    BP falls to set point
36
Q

what happens if bp falls

A

opposite to long process

37
Q

what is the enteric nervous system

A
  • the brain of the gut

- complex network of sensory, motor and interneurons forming 2 layers within the wall of the GI tract

38
Q

enteric nervous system- what NANC does it use

A

Ach, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and nitric oxide

39
Q

enteric nervous system- what does it coordinate and control

A

peristalsis, fluid transport, glandular secretion, blood flow within GI tract

40
Q

what is peristalsis

A

series of wave like muscle contractions that move food to different processing stations in the digestive tract

BDS1 (21 decks)

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