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BDS1 > Histology of neural tissue > Flashcards

Histology of neural tissue Flashcards

1
Q

what are neuroglia (glial cells)?

A

non nervous support cells, each with their own specific functions

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2
Q

what are the functions of glial cells?

A
  • mechanical support
  • metabolic
  • provide protection
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3
Q

how do glial cells provide mechanical support?

A

surround neurones and hold them in place

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4
Q

how do glial cells provide protection?

A

destroy pathogens and remove dead neurones

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5
Q

how are glial cells useful for metabolic uses?

A

supply nutrients and oxygen to neurones

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6
Q

what are the CNS glial cells?

A

astrocytes
oligodendrocytes
microglia
ependymal cells

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7
Q

astrocytes structure

A

largest and most numerous of glial cells

  • star shaped
  • many radiating processes
  • processes are in contact with neurones’ cell bodies, axon and walls of the capillaries
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8
Q

functions of astrocyte

A
  • control access of blood vessels to extracellular fluid surrounding CNS nerve cells -forms blood brain barrier
  • contain glycogen microfilaments which give structural strength and protection to CNS
  • stabilise structure after injury - produce scar tissue
    direct neural growth during development
    control interstitial environment incl recycling neurotransmitters
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9
Q

functions of oligodendrocytes

A
  • wrap themselves around axons or form myelin to improve conducting velocities of the axon
  • can myelinate up to 16 axons - unlike Schwan cells
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10
Q

structure of microglia

A

small, slender cells with numerous cytoplasmic process - which have fine n=branches

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11
Q

function of microglia

A

form from the same stem cells as macrophages and monocytes - undertake similar function in the brain
- make up 5% of glial cells - numbers inc rapidly if infection is present

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12
Q

what are ependymal cells?

A

cells that line the central canal of the spinal cord and ventricles of the brain

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13
Q

structure of ependymal cells and possible function

A

have branching processes that make contact with other glial cells
- possible function is monitoring composition of cerebrospinal fluid

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14
Q

what are the different types of neurones?

A

multipolar
pseudounipolar
bipolar

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15
Q

what is the structure of and function of multipolar neurons

A
  • A type of neurone that possesses a single axon but may dendritic extensions to allow for the integration of lots of information from other neurons
  • Includes motor neurons and interneurons
  • Found in the CNS and autonomic ganglia
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16
Q

what is the structure of and function of pseudounipolar neurons

A
  • Sensory neuron in the PNS
  • The axon is split into 2 branches
  • The central axon extends from the cell body to the spinal cord
  • The peripheral axon extends from the cell body to the periphery (skin, joint or muscle)
  • It should not be confused with a bipolar neuron as its’ a sensory neuron with the cell body located in the centre but as an extension
  • Found in the dorsal root ganglia and sensory ganglia of cranial nerves
17
Q

what is the structure of and function of bipolar neurons

A
  • Has two extensions from the cell body

* These types of neurons are specialised for a special function such as taste, hearing, sight and other senses

18
Q

what are types of matter

A
  • White Matter = Collection of myelinated axons

* Grey Matter = Collection of neural cell bodies and neuroglia

19
Q

what is a motor unit

A
  • A motor unit consists of skeletal muscle fibres and axon terminals of that motor neuron that innervate that muscle fibres
  • Lots of motor units make up a motor pool
  • Motor End Plate = Synaptic connection between a motor nerve and a muscle cell
20
Q

what is the anatomy of a neuron?

A

dendrites
cell body
axon
synapse

21
Q

what are dendrites?

A
  • numerous short processes which inc surface area available for connecting with axons from other neurones
22
Q

what does the cell body contain?

A

nucleus and most other cell organelles

23
Q

what is an axon and its function?

A

a long process often stretching for long distances, which is responsible for transmitting information from the neuron to other cells

24
Q

what is a synapse

?

A

specialised junctions between axons and other cells to allow communication

25
Q

neuronal transmission- what is needed

A

pre synaptic neuron
post synaptic neuron
synapses

26
Q

neuronal transmission - what does pre synaptic neuron do

A

generates an AP which arrives at the pre synaptic terminal, causing neurotransmitter release

27
Q

neuronal transmission - what does post synaptic neuron do

A

neurotransmitter activates the post synaptic terminal on dendrites which transmit a signal to the cell body

28
Q

neuronal transmission - what do synapses do

A

they are the integrative unit of the neuron

- contain high conc of ion channels and cell membrane receptors

29
Q

how does neuronal transmission occur

A

vesicles containing neurotransmitters which are released from the pre synaptic site and diffuse across the synaptic cleft and interact with receptors on the post synaptic site

30
Q

how can speed of conduction be increased

A

insulation of an axon - to release leakage of currents from the membrane

31
Q

what is used as insulation for axons and where is it made

A

myelin

-schwaan cells (PNS) and oligodendrocytes (CNS)

32
Q

what is the structure of myelin

A

many layers of modified membranes which have high proportion of lipids which are goof electrical conductors

33
Q

what does the myelin sheath do

A

prevents the nerve action potential being continuously propagated along the axon and therefore it jumps from node to node in saltatory conduction velocity

34
Q

what is the distance between the two nodes of ranvier

A

internode

35
Q

what are Schmidt lanterman clefts

A

regions of un compacted myelin

Small pockets of cytoplasm left behind during Schwann cell myelination

36
Q

structure of Peripheral nerve - what is the endoneurium

A

delicate connective tissue surrounding the individual nerve fibres (Axon and schwaan cell)

37
Q

structure of Peripheral nerve - what is the perineurium

A

layers of fibroblasts surrounding small bundles of fibres - fascicles

38
Q

structure of Peripheral nerve - what is the epineurium

A

connective tissue sheath surrounding all if the fibres forming the nerve

39
Q

how many NMJs does one muscle fibre have?

A

only one

BDS1 (21 decks)

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