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BDS1 > Joints > Flashcards

Joints Flashcards

1
Q

what is the definition of a joint

A

The union between two bones, but joints do not necessarily imply movement as some are specialised to permit little or no movement

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2
Q

how are bones classified

A

based on the way in which the bones are held togetehr

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3
Q

what are the three groups of joints

A

fibrous
cartilaginous
synovial

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4
Q

what is a fibrous joint and what are the three types

A

united by collage

  • sutures
  • syndesmosis
  • gomphosis
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5
Q

what is a cartilaginous joint and what are the two types

A

united by cartilage

  • synchondroses or primary cartilaginous joints
  • symphysis or secondary cartilaginous joints
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6
Q

what do synovial joints do

A

unite the skeletal elements by fibrous capsule which is fluid filled

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7
Q

fibrous joints : sutures

where are they found

A

found only between skull bones

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8
Q

fibrous joints : sutures

structure in the foetal skull

A
  • sutures are wide and the bones present smooth opposing surfaces
  • this allows a slight degree of movement between the skull bones during the passage of the head through the birth canal
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9
Q

fibrous joints : sutures

structure after birth

A
  • sutures become quite rigid
  • allowing no movement between the articulating bones
  • sutures develop into one of three types
  • as time goes on sutures lock together begin to ossify and fuse and disappear
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10
Q

fibrous joints : sutures

types of sutures after birth

A

squamous
serrated
denticulate

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11
Q

fibrous joints : syndesmosis

structure

A

two bony components are slightly apart, united by an interosseous membrane and a little movement is permitted between them
e.g. in between radius and ulna

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12
Q

fibrous joints : gomphoses

structure

A

has the form of a peg in socket i.e. the root of a tooth in the jaw
- fibrous tissue is arranged as the periodontal ligament

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13
Q

cartilaginous joints : symphyses

structure

A

partially moveable joint in which the apposing surfaces are covered by hyaline cartilage but separated by intervening fibrous tissue or fibrocartilage.

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14
Q

cartilaginous joints : symphyses

where are they found

A

in midline of body

e.g. sternum and vertebrae, between two halves of the pelvis

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15
Q

cartilaginous joints : synchondroses

where do these joints develop

A

between bones of endochondral origin

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16
Q

cartilaginous joints : synchondroses

structure

A

solid plate of hyaline cartilage between apposing surfaces. The cartilage plate acts as an epiphyseal plate between primary and secondary ossification centres of long bones and therefore provides an area for growth

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17
Q

synovial joints : four basic features

and 2 features that are sometimes present

A
  1. ends of bones are covered by hyaline cartilage
  2. the presence of a joint cavity
  3. a joint capsule
  4. a synovial membrane
  5. (disc)
  6. (bursae)
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18
Q

synovial joints : why is bone not suitable for forming apposing surfaces

A
  • its rigidity means that the forces are transmitted over a small area of contact and thereby generating enormous pressures
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19
Q

synovial joints : why is cartilage a suitable surface for forming apposing surfaces

A
  • tough, but deformable and surface adapts under pressure

- its elastic properties allow it to regain its original form when the pressure is removed

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20
Q

synovial joints : joint cavity

A

the ends of the bones are separated by a joint cavity which is not large and contains a small amount of synovial fluid

21
Q

synovial joints : what is the structure of the joint capsule

A
  • joint capsule surrounds joint like a sleeve completely enclosing it
  • consists of bundles of collagen fibres
  • may vary in tautness and thickness
  • thickenings of capsule are called ligaments
22
Q

synovial joints : where is the synovial membrane

A
  • capsule is lined by a synovial membrane but not the articular surfaces and has a rich capillary network
23
Q

synovial joints : what does the synovial membrane contain and what are its properties

A
  • membrane capable of both secretion and absorption of fluid

- viscosity of fluid changes with the speed of joint movement becoming thinner as the speed increases

24
Q

synovial joints : what are discs and where are they found

A
  • may be interposed between articular surfaces thus dividing joint into two cavities and thereby increasing the range of movements possible at a joint
  • discs may also increase the congruency of the joint and to help spread the load over the joint
25
Q

synovial joints : what are bursae and where are they found

A
  • sacs filled with synovial fluid
  • most bursae are found close to the joint and may have continuous synovial membranes
  • occur in places where structures which move relative to each other are in close apposition
26
Q

synovial joints : how are synovial joints classified

A

shape of joint surfaces
or
movements which take place at the joint

27
Q

types of joints

A 
ball & socket
condyloid - knuckles
hinge - elbow
plane
ellipsoid  in foot
saddle - shaped - base of thumb
pivot - allows head to turn
28
Q

movements - what is the simplest movement

A

gliding - two surfaces slide past eachother

29
Q

other movements occur in pairs of opposites - what are they

A

angular or rotationary

30
Q

angular movements

A

flexion and extension

abduction and adduction

31
Q

what is flexion

A

decreases angle at joint

32
Q

what is extension

A

inc angle at joint

33
Q

what is abduction

A

to move away from the midline

34
Q

what is adduction

A

to move towards the midline

35
Q

rotational movements

A

external (lateral) and internal (medial)

36
Q

what is external

A

to turn away from midline

37
Q

what is internal

A

to turn towards midline

38
Q

special terms that apply to specific joint

A

pronation - to turn the palmar surface of the hand to face posteriorly
supination -to turn the palmar surface of the hand to face anteriorly
inversion - to turn plantar surface of the foot medially
eversion - to turn plantar surface of the foot laterally

39
Q

what are joints that only have one axis of rotation called?

A

uniaxial

40
Q

in smaller joints movement is possible in all directions what are they referred to as

A

non axial

41
Q

what features is movement at synovial joint related to

A
  1. shape of articulations
  2. the tension of the joint capsule
  3. the position of ligaments
  4. the position of the muscle surrounding the joint
42
Q

the temporomandibular joint : shape of articulation

A
  • condyle of the mandible is roller shaped and fits into the fossa in the temporal bone
  • fossa is surrounded by a bar of bone except anteriorly
43
Q

the temporomandibular joint : joint capsule

A

has a loose capsule attached to the margins of the articular area

44
Q

the temporomandibular joint : ligaments

A

the lateral ligament is a thickening of the joint capsule

- two accessory ligaments

45
Q

the temporomandibular joint : muscles

A

4 major pairs of muscles which move the joint

- muscles form a rotator cuff around the joint and confer dynamic stability to the joint

46
Q

what is the movement in fibrous joints

A

sutures - none
syndesmosis - little
gomphoses - shock absorbing

47
Q

what is the movement in cartilaginous joints

A

synchondroses - none

symphysis - little

48
Q

what is the movement in synovial joints

A

allow a lot of movement

BDS1 (21 decks)

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