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Anesthesia > Pharmacology of Analgesia II > Flashcards

Pharmacology of Analgesia II Flashcards

1
Q

NSAID stands for…

A

Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs

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2
Q

NSAID mechanism of action

A

Block prostaglandin synthesis
- This decreases inflammatory mediators
- This decreases nociceptor sensitivity

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3
Q

COX-1 vs COX-2

A

COX-1 prostaglandins are protective for homeostasis.
COX-2 prostaglandins are inflammatory mediators.

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4
Q

COX-1 prostaglandins are protective for homeostasis of… (4)

A
  1. Gastric mucosa (stomach)
  2. Renal function (kidneys)
  3. Platelet function
  4. Macrophage function
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5
Q

COX-2 prostaglandins are inflammatory mediators that contribute to… (3)

A
  1. Swelling
  2. Pain
  3. Chemotaxis (movement of WBC)
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6
Q

Nonspecific drugs that inhibitor both COX-1 & COX-2 (5)

A
  1. Aspirin
  2. Tepoxalin (Zubrin)
  3. Phenylbutazone
  4. Flunixin (Banamine)
  5. Bismuth subsalicylate
    - Pepto-bismol
    - Kaopectate
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7
Q

Specific COX-2 inhibitors (5)

A
  1. Carprofen (Rimadyl)
  2. Etodolac (Etogesic)
  3. Deracoxib (Deramaxx)
  4. Meloxicam (Metacam)
  5. Firocoxib (Previcox)
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8
Q

NSAIDs side effects/contra-indications (3)

A
  1. GI ulcers
    - Especially combined with corticosteroid use
  2. Renal damage/failure
    - Especially with hypotension
    - Renal insufficiency
    - Cats at higher risk
  3. Liver damage
    - Special risk occasionally for Rimadyl in labrador retrievers
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9
Q

Monitoring NSAID use (3)

A
  1. Blood chemistries before initiation, 2 weeks after start, and then periodically
  2. Taper use to lowest effective regular dose
    - Daily or EOD much more effective then PRN
  3. Decreased appetite, vomiting, melena are reasons to stop the drugs immediately & reevaluate pet
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10
Q

Opioids mechanism of action (2)

A
  1. Block synaptic receptors
  2. Inhibit excitatory neurotransmitters
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11
Q

Different opioids have different receptor ___ and so the effect of each one is not ____.
Different opioids have different receptor ___ strength and so the effect of each one is not ___.

A
  1. Affinity
  2. Identical
  3. Binding
  4. Identical
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12
Q

Opioid side effects/contra-indications (5)

A
  1. Respiratory depression
  2. HR depression
  3. Vomiting
  4. Hyperthermia (cats)
  5. Dysphoria (hallucinations, esp cats)
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13
Q

Controlled substances, or schedule drugs, are substances that have the potential for ___ or ___ addiction.

A

Physical or psychological

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14
Q

Controlled drugs specific requirements (4)

A

As per DEA:
1. Storage in a locked, sturdy, non-portable cabinet or safe
2. Log in hard-copy, inalterable form
3. Written prescriptions only, with DEA#
4. Child-proof container, labelled “Federal Law prohibits transfer of this drug”

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15
Q

Grades of controlled substances: CI-V (5)
Name level of potential abuse and drugs

A
  1. C-I
    - Extreme potential for abuse
    - Illegal drugs (LSD, heroin, etc)
  2. C-II
    - High potential for abuse
    - Morphine, pentobarbital, ect
  3. C-III
    - Some potential for abuse
    - Ketamine, telazol, codeine
  4. C-IV
    - Low potential for abuse
    - Butorphanol, diazepam (valium), phenobarbital
  5. C-V
    - Low potential for abuse
    - Not federally regulated
    - Codeine, hydrocodone, pseudoephedrine, phenylpropanolamine (PPA)
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16
Q

Opioid synergy (enhanced effectiveness) may occur when an opioid is combined with… (4)

A
  1. NSAID
    - Meloxicam
  2. Alpha-2 agonist
    - Dexdomitor
  3. Phenothiazine
    - Acepromazine
  4. Local anesthetics
    - Lidocaine
17
Q

Opioid reversal:
Opioid antagonists ___ with the opioid for receptor ___ sites.
Naloxone binds to the u & K receptors but has ___ activity of its own, therefore will ___ sedation, respiratory depression, narcosis, & analgesia. It ___ reverse vomiting caused by apomorphine.

A
  1. Compete
  2. Binding
  3. No
  4. Reverse
  5. Doesn’t
18
Q

Local anesthetics lidocaine & bupivacaine have a rapid onset of __-__ minutes. Lidocaine has a short duration of __-__ minutes. Bupivacaine last for ___ hours.
They act by blocking ___ channels of the neuron. At high doses can affect ___ rhythms and/or cause ___. Certain drugs in this group should not be used in ___, causing hemoglobin damage.

A
  1. 5-10 minutes
  2. 45-90 minutes
  3. Several
  4. Sodium
  5. Cardiac, heart
  6. Seizures
  7. Cats

Anesthesia (14 decks)

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