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Anesthesia > Pharmacology I: Goals & Pre-Anesthetics > Flashcards

Pharmacology I: Goals & Pre-Anesthetics Flashcards

1
Q

Sedation definition

A

Relaxed state, but with full pain sensation
- Drowsy or “hypnotic” patients
- Sedated Pt can respond quickly to pain or noxious stimuli

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2
Q

Tranquilization definition

A

Relaxed state without altered mentation
- Full pain sensation
- Also called anxiolytic

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3
Q

Anesthesia (as a sedative) definition

A

Without sensation
- Can be general or local

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4
Q

Local anesthesia definition

A

Reversible loss of pain & sensory sensation without loss of consciousness

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5
Q

General anesthesia definition

A

Reversible loss of pain sensation with loss of consciousness

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6
Q

Analgesia definition

A

Decreased perception of pain without loss of other sensations
- Touch, motor, temperature

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7
Q

What are three goals of balanced anesthesia?
What are examples of each?

A
  1. Achieve desired effects
    - Analgesia
    - Unconsciousness
    - Muscle relaxation
  2. Minimize negative effects
    - Resp depression
    - Cardiovascular depression
    - Decreased homeostasis (temp, renal function, airway protection)
  3. Neuroleptanalgesia
    - Part of a balanced anes.
    - Combo of sedative & analgesia meds
    - Synergistic effects
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8
Q
A
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9
Q

Perfusion definition

A

The process of delivering blood to tissue

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10
Q

Importance of perfusion
The longer & more severely we impair perfusion…

A

The worse the damage

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11
Q

How do we monitor perfusion? (4)

A
  1. Pulse quality
  2. CRT
  3. Blood pressure
    - MAP is most useful indicator (>60mmHg)
  4. Central Venous Pressure (CVP)
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12
Q

T/F: In anesthesia, we want to maintain the patient as close as possible to physiologic normal!

A

True!

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13
Q

Define Anesthetic stages
Stage 1: (3)
Stage 2: (4)

A

Stage 1:
- Inducement, excitement
- Pupils constricted
- Voluntary struggling
Stage 2:
- Obtunded reflexes
- Pupil diameters start to dilate
- Still excited
- Involuntary struggling

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14
Q

Define Anesthetic stage 3
Plane I (6)
Plane II (4)
Planes III & IV (5)

A
  1. Plane I: Light
    - More decreased reflexes:
    - Pupils constricted
    - Brisk palpebral reflex, Corneal reflex
    - Absence of swallow reflex
    - Lacrimation still present
    - No involuntary muscle movement
  2. Plane II: Medium
    - Ideal for most invasive procedures
    - Pupils dilated
    - Loss of pain, palpebral reflex
    - Corneal reflexes present
  3. Plane III & IV: Deep
    - Respiratory depression
    - Severe muscle relaxation
    - Bradycardia
    - No reflexes
    - Pupils dilated
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15
Q

Define Anesthetic stage 4: (2)

A
  1. Respiration ceases
  2. Cardiovascular function depressed & death IMMEDIATLEY ensues
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16
Q

What are reflexes to monitor for? (5)
Why?

A
  1. Palpebral reflex
    - Dogs may have no reflex at adequate Sx depth
    - Lateral palpebral reflexes are lost before the medial
  2. Corneal reflex
    - Should ALWAYS be present!
    - Doesn’t disappear until deep, deep anesthesia
  3. Nystagmus
    - Indication of excitement & light anesthesia
  4. Ventromedial eyeball position
    - This is the most desirable position in most species (except horses; central position)
  5. Jaw tone
    - Moderate to lose is most desirable
17
Q

Dissociative anesthetics (ex ketamine) can cause ___ at moderate anesthetic depths.

A

Nystagmus

18
Q

If a patients HR &/or RR suddenly jumps up during surgery, the patient is likely ___ ___ even though they didn’t respond to the stimulation of Sx prep.

A

Too light (anesthesia)

19
Q

Why do we “dose to effect?”

A

Every patient is unique in its response to anesthetic agents, so we want to use as little as possible without under dosing

20
Q

Three goals of the anesthetic technician is to give…

A
  1. Enough anesthetic to perform procedure
  2. As little agent as possible to minimize complication & normalize physiology
  3. Constant monitoring & drug adjustment is ideal!!
21
Q

What are reasons to use pre-anesthetic drugs? (4)

A
  1. Support patient homeostasis
  2. Decrease patient anxiety
  3. Decrease amount of anesthetic needed
  4. Analgesic effects
22
Q

Anticholinergic drugs are: Atropine or Glycopyrrolate
Action: (2)
Potential side-effects: (3)

A
  1. Action:
    - Prevents bradycardia –> Increases HR
    - Prevents excessive salivation & excessive airway secretions –> prevents mucous plugs in ET tube/better visualization
  2. Side effects:
    - Increased O2 consumption by heart
    - Thick airway secretions
    - GI ileus
23
Q

Ileus is the…

A

Absence of normal intestinal peristalsis

24
Q
A

Anesthesia (14 decks)

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