Pharmacology introduction

Question 1

What is Pharmacology?

Answer 1

The science of chemicals that effect a living process

Question 2

what is toxicology?

Answer 2

adverse effects of chemicals

Question 3

What is drug therapy?

Answer 3

“management” of disease with a medication.

• cure is rare for example antibiotics

Question 4

what is a drug?

Answer 4

alters an effect already existing in a quatitative manner of changes

Question 5

1938 Food and Drug Cosmetic Act

Answer 5

• must prove safety
• missing efficacy

Question 6

1962 Kefaver- Harris Amendment

Answer 6

• Must prove efficacy
• grandfather clause
• any drug before 1962 is exempt.it takes 20 more years for FDA to check grandfather clause

NOTE:

• herbal products not regulated by FDA
• no testing of eficacy
• no purity
• an herbal cannot make claim to treat a disease

Question 7

when is it require to report?

Answer 7

• chemical or substance not previously used in humans
• new combination not used in combination before
• new use for a previously issued drug
• new dosage form

NOTE:

• Doctors can do whatever they want as long as the drug has been approved
• the drug companies cannot advertise it

Question 8

How many phases?

Answer 8

4

Question 9

what is phase 1?

Answer 9

determine safety and tolerated dose in a few “healthy” volunteers

NOTE:

• on animals first
• not to another group who already has the disease

Question 10

Phase 2

Answer 10

Determine safety, efficacy and pharmacokinetics in selected “diseased” individuals

Question 11

phase 3

Answer 11

determine safety and efficacy in widespread study

Question 12

Phase 4

Answer 12

drug marketed with surveillance

Question 13

what are the types of studies?

Answer 13

Double blind and single blind

Question 14

Double Blind

Answer 14

investigator and paitent does not know what they are getting very unbiased.

Question 15

Single blind

Answer 15

Investigator knows whitle the patient does not

NOTE:

• if a patient is in a study and then gets sickthe drug name has to be known to the patient and then they are kicked out of the study

Question 16

Generic Name

Answer 16

cheimcal name for a medication

NONE CAPITALIZE

Question 17

trade name

Answer 17

a manufacturer’s name for the generic product

For example: Motrin, Advil

Question 18

over the counter

Answer 18

non-prescriptive agent

Question 19

legend drug

Answer 19

prescriptive agent

Question 20

The behind the counter drug

Answer 20

does not require prescription but need to show infor if buying

• Morning after pill (17 years or older)
• insulin
• sudafed
• antihistamine/ decongestant

Question 21

Controlled substance

Answer 21

prescriptive agent that has the potential for abuse

NOTE: requires a precription

Question 22

What act is for the controlled substances?

Answer 22

1970 Comprehensive Drug Abuse and Prevention Act

Question 23

how many schedules are drugs of abuse divided into?

Answer 23

5

Question 24

schedule 1

Answer 24

• high abuse potential, little medicinal benefit
• illegal drug
• examples include: heroin, LSD, PCP, Marijuana, rock cocaine

Question 25

Schedule 2

Answer 25

* high abuse potential, medicinal benefit * examples include: * Narcotics: morphine, meperidine, methadone * stimulats: dextroamphetamine, methylphenidate * barbiturates: secobarbital, pentobarbital (fast acting barbiturates)

Question 26

schedule 3

Answer 26

* lower abuse potential, medicinal benefit * examples include: * combinations with narcotics: actaminophen with codeine * testosterones (anabolic steroids)

Question 27

schedule 4

Answer 27

* Lower abuse potential, medicinal benefit * examples include: * benzodiazepines - diazepam, alprazolam (valium and xanax) * long acting barbiturates: phenobarbital * propoxyphene ( pulled off the shelf on 2011 but has been on the market for 50 years)

Question 28

schedule 5

Answer 28

* low abuse potential, medicinal benefit * examples include: * cough syrups with narcotics (very diluted) * Diphenoxylate/ atropine (antidiarrheal agent) (atropine is a anti cholinergic agent)

Question 29

when to report to the FDA?

Answer 29

* - Drug is less than 2 years and a adverse drug reactions on patient occurs * drug 2 years or more, and an adverse reaction occurs which has never been seen in drug before or serious or life threatening

Question 30

what are they?

Answer 30

* Degree of Absorption * volume of distribution * rate of elimination

Question 31

Degree of absorption

Answer 31

* Rate from 0%-100% (0=works on intestines =less drug goes on blood stream less side effects) * depends on route of admistration * intravenous is 100% absorbed * some drugs not intended tob e absorbed * depnds on dosage form * suppositories are poorly absorbed (rectal very eradict)

Question 32

Distribution

Answer 32

* ability to cross tissues * the more tissues crossed the higher the does and the greater the potential for side effects * many agents cannot cross blood brain barrier * protein binding * higher the protein binding the greater the potential for drug/drug interactions

Question 33

elimination

Answer 33

* Renal * dependent on kidney function, disease and age * determine creatinine clearance * hepatic * dependent on disease and age * drug interactions * enzyme induction * enzyme inhibition (drug slows down enzymes in the liver potential of toxicity * half life * the time it takes medication blood levels to drop in half NOTE: * reduce dose if person has kidney disease * both renal and hepatic functions decrease therefore they both need less dose of drug

Question 34

additive

Answer 34

two medications given together produce an effect equal to the sum of the effects of each agent

Question 35

synergery

Answer 35

two medications given together produce an efect much greater than the sum of the effects of each agent

Question 36

potentiation

Answer 36

two medications given together, but only one of the two agents possess the required action, but that action is enhanced by the second agent

Question 37

agonist

Answer 37

an agent that stimulates a receptor

Question 38

antagonist

Answer 38

an agent that blocks a receptor from being stimulated

Question 39

factors influencing drug effects

Answer 39

* body weight * surface area * for example: cancer chemotherapy * age * sex (renal function) * disease states * genetics (metabolism) * immunology (allergies)

Question 40

side effects

Answer 40

unavoidable effect at proper dose

Question 41

toxic effect

Answer 41

avoidable effect due to improper dose and drug/drug interactions

Question 42

poison

Answer 42

harmful effect even in small amounts

Question 43

adverse effect

Answer 43

unexpected effect, but may happen including allergies

Question 44

allergies

Answer 44

* not dose related * requires prior exposure * reactions may be immediate to delayed for days * reactions may be mild to life threaning (anaphylactic shock)