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Pharmacology Section 1 > Pharmacology introduction > Flashcards

Pharmacology introduction Flashcards

introduction

1
Q

What is Pharmacology?

A

The science of chemicals that effect a living process

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2
Q

what is toxicology?

A

adverse effects of chemicals

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3
Q

What is drug therapy?

A

“management” of disease with a medication.

  • cure is rare for example antibiotics
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4
Q

what is a drug?

A

alters an effect already existing in a quatitative manner of changes

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5
Q

1938 Food and Drug Cosmetic Act

A
  • must prove safety
  • missing efficacy
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6
Q

1962 Kefaver- Harris Amendment

A
  • Must prove efficacy
  • grandfather clause
  • any drug before 1962 is exempt.it takes 20 more years for FDA to check grandfather clause

NOTE:

  • herbal products not regulated by FDA
  • no testing of eficacy
  • no purity
  • an herbal cannot make claim to treat a disease
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7
Q

when is it require to report?

A
  • chemical or substance not previously used in humans
  • new combination not used in combination before
  • new use for a previously issued drug
  • new dosage form

NOTE:

  • Doctors can do whatever they want as long as the drug has been approved
  • the drug companies cannot advertise it
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8
Q

How many phases?

A

4

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9
Q

what is phase 1?

A

determine safety and tolerated dose in a few “healthy” volunteers

NOTE:

  • on animals first
  • not to another group who already has the disease
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10
Q

Phase 2

A

Determine safety, efficacy and pharmacokinetics in selected “diseased” individuals

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11
Q

phase 3

A

determine safety and efficacy in widespread study

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12
Q

Phase 4

A

drug marketed with surveillance

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13
Q

what are the types of studies?

A

Double blind and single blind

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14
Q

Double Blind

A

investigator and paitent does not know what they are getting very unbiased.

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15
Q

Single blind

A

Investigator knows whitle the patient does not

NOTE:

  • if a patient is in a study and then gets sickthe drug name has to be known to the patient and then they are kicked out of the study
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16
Q

Generic Name

A

cheimcal name for a medication

NONE CAPITALIZE

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17
Q

trade name

A

a manufacturer’s name for the generic product

For example: Motrin, Advil

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18
Q

over the counter

A

non-prescriptive agent

19
Q

legend drug

A

prescriptive agent

20
Q

The behind the counter drug

A

does not require prescription but need to show infor if buying

  • Morning after pill (17 years or older)
  • insulin
  • sudafed
  • antihistamine/ decongestant
21
Q

Controlled substance

A

prescriptive agent that has the potential for abuse

NOTE: requires a precription

22
Q

What act is for the controlled substances?

A

1970 Comprehensive Drug Abuse and Prevention Act

23
Q

how many schedules are drugs of abuse divided into?

A

5

24
Q

schedule 1

A
  • high abuse potential, little medicinal benefit
  • illegal drug
  • examples include: heroin, LSD, PCP, Marijuana, rock cocaine
25
Q

Schedule 2

A
  • high abuse potential, medicinal benefit
  • examples include:
  • Narcotics: morphine, meperidine, methadone
  • stimulats: dextroamphetamine, methylphenidate
  • barbiturates: secobarbital, pentobarbital (fast acting barbiturates)
26
Q

schedule 3

A
  • lower abuse potential, medicinal benefit
  • examples include:
    • combinations with narcotics: actaminophen with codeine
    • testosterones (anabolic steroids)
27
Q

schedule 4

A
  • Lower abuse potential, medicinal benefit
  • examples include:
    • benzodiazepines - diazepam, alprazolam (valium and xanax)
    • long acting barbiturates: phenobarbital
    • propoxyphene ( pulled off the shelf on 2011 but has been on the market for 50 years)
28
Q

schedule 5

A
  • low abuse potential, medicinal benefit
  • examples include:
    • cough syrups with narcotics (very diluted)
    • Diphenoxylate/ atropine (antidiarrheal agent) (atropine is a anti cholinergic agent)
29
Q

when to report to the FDA?

A
    • Drug is less than 2 years and a adverse drug reactions on patient occurs
  • drug 2 years or more, and an adverse reaction occurs which has never been seen in drug before or serious or life threatening
30
Q

what are they?

A
  • Degree of Absorption
  • volume of distribution
  • rate of elimination
31
Q

Degree of absorption

A
  • Rate from 0%-100% (0=works on intestines =less drug goes on blood stream less side effects)
  • depends on route of admistration
    • intravenous is 100% absorbed
    • some drugs not intended tob e absorbed
  • depnds on dosage form
    • suppositories are poorly absorbed (rectal very eradict)
32
Q

Distribution

A
  • ability to cross tissues
    • the more tissues crossed the higher the does and the greater the potential for side effects
    • many agents cannot cross blood brain barrier
  • protein binding
    • higher the protein binding the greater the potential for drug/drug interactions
33
Q

elimination

A
  • Renal
    • dependent on kidney function, disease and age
    • determine creatinine clearance
  • hepatic
    • dependent on disease and age
    • drug interactions
    • enzyme induction
    • enzyme inhibition (drug slows down enzymes in the liver potential of toxicity
  • half life
    • the time it takes medication blood levels to drop in half

NOTE:

  • reduce dose if person has kidney disease
  • both renal and hepatic functions decrease therefore they both need less dose of drug
34
Q

additive

A

two medications given together produce an effect equal to the sum of the effects of each agent

35
Q

synergery

A

two medications given together produce an efect much greater than the sum of the effects of each agent

36
Q

potentiation

A

two medications given together, but only one of the two agents possess the required action, but that action is enhanced by the second agent

37
Q

agonist

A

an agent that stimulates a receptor

38
Q

antagonist

A

an agent that blocks a receptor from being stimulated

39
Q

factors influencing drug effects

A
  • body weight
  • surface area
    • for example: cancer chemotherapy
  • age
  • sex (renal function)
  • disease states
  • genetics (metabolism)
  • immunology (allergies)
40
Q

side effects

A

unavoidable effect at proper dose

41
Q

toxic effect

A

avoidable effect due to improper dose and drug/drug interactions

42
Q

poison

A

harmful effect even in small amounts

43
Q

adverse effect

A

unexpected effect, but may happen including allergies

44
Q

allergies

A
  • not dose related
  • requires prior exposure
  • reactions may be immediate to delayed for days
  • reactions may be mild to life threaning (anaphylactic shock)

Pharmacology Section 1 (15 decks)

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