Pharmacology I Flashcards
1
Q
Branch of medicine concerned with the uses, effects and modes of action of drugs
A
Pharmacology
2
Q
Branch of pharma concerned with EFFECTS OF DRUGS and MECHANISM of their action
A
Pharmacodynamics
3
Q
Branch of pharma concerned with MOVEMENT OF DRUGS within the body
A
Pharmacokinetics
4
Q
Process of pharmacokinetics
A
ADME Absorption Distribution Metabolism Excretion
5
Q
Study of drug’s harmful effects
A
Toxicology
6
Q
2 drugs that prevent toxicity
A
Activated charcoal
Syrup of Ipecac
7
Q
Absorption of drug starts in….
A
Small intestine (jejunum)
8
Q
Activated charcoal has a property called ____
A
Adsorption - stick to different toxins
9
Q
Accumulation of drug bec it cannot be excreted by the body
A
Cumulation
10
Q
Cumulation is associated with (2)
A
Liver damage
Kidney damage
11
Q
Drugs contraindicated for glaucoma
A
Diazepam
Anticholinergic drugs
12
Q
Most allergenic drug
A
Penicillins
13
Q
Study of damage to fetus during development
A
Teratology
14
Q
Study of drug dosage
A
Posology
15
Q
Teratogenic drug (2)
A
Tetracyclines
Thalidomide
16
Q
Process of drug uptake from site of administration towards the bloodstream
A
Absorption
17
Q
Route of administration during absorption (3)
A
Enteral
Parenteral
Inhalation
18
Q
Most common site of drug administration
A
Oral
19
Q
Common site of IV
A
Antecubital region
20
Q
Most common site for IM
A
Vastus lateralis
21
Q
*Bypasses membranes (straight to circulatory)
A
IV
22
Q
Fastest route if target site is BRAIN
A
Inhalation
23
Q
Type of route with slow and least absorption
A
Intradermal
24
Q
Weak acids are attracted to ____
Weak bases are attracted to ______
A
Higher pH levels (6 to 7.4)
Lower pH levels (8 to 7.4)
25
Amount of drug that reaches the circulatory system after administration
Bioavailability
26
Drug solubility
Slightly hyrophilic
| Largely hydrophobic
27
Phenomenon of drug metabolism whereby the cxn of orally taken drugs is reduced before reaching the systemic circulatory
First pass effect
28
Ability of drug to move from circulatory system into their target sites
Distribution
29
Free floating drugs
Free ionized drug
30
Bounded to plasma proteins
Bound drug
31
Tendency of substance to separate or dissociate from its binding
Dissociation constant (Kd)
32
****Most important microsomal liver enzyme
Cytochrome P450
33
Example of PRODRUGS (3)
Aspirin or acetylsalicylic acid (asa) - salicylates
Codeine - morphine
Alcohol - ethanol
34
Drugs metabolized in liver
Amide LA
| Most drugs
35
Drugs metabolized in plasma
Ester LA
| Succinylcholine
36
***for laryngospasm
Succinylcholine
37
Drug used if px is allergic to both amide and ester
Diphenhydramine HCL
38
*Plasma enzyme
Plasma pseudocholinesterase
39
Liver enzyme
Microsomal enzyme
| Non microsomal enzyme
40
Time required for a drug to reduce half of its initial value
Half life (t1/2)
41
Rate at which the active drug is removed from the body
Clearance
42
Amount of drug eliminated is CONSTANT and is NOT dependent on the cxn of drug in plasma fluid
Zero order kinetics
43
Amount of drug eliminated is DEPENDENT on the cxn of drug in plasma fluid
Most drugs
First order kinetics
44
Drug that has more chances of cumulation
A. Zero order kinetics
B. First order kinetics
C. Same
A.
45
Dosage of drug needed to produce an effect
Potency
46
Refers to the EFFECT OF A DRUG
Efficacy
47
Maximum effect of a drug where no effect is added even though drug dose is increased
Maximal effect or ceiling effect
48
Curve that describes the degree of response of a single biological unit to a given drug dose
Graded dose effect curve
49
Curve that describes the relationship bet increasing drug dosage and % of the population
Quantal dose effect curve
50
Absorption start from what organ
Small intestine (jejunum)
51
What organ convert drugs into water soluble
Liver (metabolism)
52
Safe for pregnancy
LA
Analgesics
Sedative hypnotics
53
Slow and least absorption route
Intradermal
54
IM site
Vastus lateralis
Gluteus maximus
Deltoid
55
Site for gluts
Superolateral or outer lateral corner
56
Organ responsible for first pass effect
Liver
57
Lower Dissociation constant = slower distribution = low or high tendency to separate to drug
Longer or shorter duration
Slow effect or fast
Slow onset or fast
Longer
Slow
Slow
58
Function of liver in drug metabolism
Lipid sol to water sol
Converts active to inactive form
Converrs prodrugs to active form
59
Most common topical anesth
Benzocaine
60
LA metabolized by both liver and plasma
Articaine
61
Major organ for excretion
Kidney
62
Example drug of zero order kinetics (3)
Alcohol
Phenytoin
Aspirin
63
Dose of drug that has therapeutic effect in 50% of population
Medial effective dose (ED50)
64
Dose of drug that has lethal effects in 50% of population
Medial lethal dose (LD50)
65
*Therapeutic index formula
LD50/ED50
TLE
66
Targets of drug action (3)
Receptors
Enzymes
Drug acting as physical or chemical agents
67
Ability of drug to bind to its target site
Affinity
68
Ability of drug to produce an effect after binding to its target site
Intrinsic activity
69
Part of body where drugs interact to produce their effects
Receptors
70
Elicits maximal response by activating all or portions of the receptors
Full agonists
71
Instrinsic activity of 0
Antagonist
72
Competes with receptor sites of agonists
| Results in dec potency
Competitive antagonists
73
Example of competitive antagonist
Belladona alkaloids
74
Belladonna alkaloids (2)
Atropine
| Scopolamine
75
Competes against cholinergic drugs
Belladonna alkaloids
76
Antagonist that has its own receptor and doesnt compete
| Result in dec efficacy
Non competitive Antagonist
77
Naloxone is an antagonist of what drug
Narcotics
78
Flumanezil is an antagonist of what drug
Benzodiazepines
79
Produces less maximal response even all receptors are occupied
Partial agonist
80
Acts as an agonist and antagonist
Partial agonist
81
2 theories of structure action relationships
Clarks occupational theory
| Paton’s rate theory
82
Theory wherein drug effect is PROPORTIONAL to the number of RECEPTORS OCCUPIED
Clark’s occupational theory
83
Drug receptor relationship that has affinity and intrinsic activity
Full agonists
84
Drug receptor relationship that has affinity but no intrinsic activity
Antagonist
85
Drug receptor relationship that has affinity but lesser intrinsic activity compared to agonist
Partial agonist
86
Clark’s occupational theory aka
Occupational theory
87
Drug effect is proportional to RATE at which the DRUG and RECEPTOR combine
Paton’s Rate theory or rate theory
88
Drug associates quickly and disassociates immediately to the receptor to be able to reassociate again
Agonists
89
Drug associates but dissociates much slower therefore reassociation to the receptor is also slower
Antagonist
90
Sedative hypnotics are used for (3)
Sedation
Hypnosis
Muscle relaxation
91
Types of sedation
Minimal
Moderate
Deep
92
Type of sedation wherein px is awake and relaxed
Minimal or conscious sedation
93
Type of sedation with feeling asleep but can follow commands
Moderate sedation
94
Type of sedation that is asleep but can be awaken
Deep sedation
95
Medically induced coma
Gen anesthesia
96
Two types of amnesia
Anterograde
| Retrograde
97
Type of amnesia that doesn’t form new memories
Anterograde
98
Type of amnesia wherein old memories are forgotten
Retrograde amnesia
99
Classification of sedative hypnotics
Barbiturates
| Non barbiturates
100
Active ingredient of barbiturates
Barbaric acid
101
Classification of barbiturates (4)
Ultra short acting
Short acting
Intermediate acting
Long acting
102
Ultra short acting drugs (2)
Thiopental
Methohexital
TM - ultrashort ultramura
103
Guedel’s stage of gen. anesthesia (4)
Stage 1 - amnesia and analgesia
2 - delirium
3 - surgical anesth
4 - respiratory depression
104
Short acting barbiturates(2)
Secobarbital
Pentobarbital
(SSPENT - Short Seco Pento)
105
Intermediate acting barbiturates(2)
Amobarbital
Butabarbital
(AmBuy)
106
Long acting barbiturates (3)
Phenobarbital
Mephobarbital
Primidone
107
Barbiturates for epileptic seizures
Long acting
108
Non barbiturates(4)
Chloral hydrate
Flurazepam
Ethanol
Diphenhydramine
109
Non barbi commonly used in Pediatrics
Chloral hydrate
110
Specific receptor of narcotics
Mu kappa delta
111
Specific receptors of cholinergic (para)
Muscarinic receptors
112
Reduce action of cholinesterase to improve muscular contraction
Anti cholinesterase
113
*anti cholinesterase drug is used for what dse
Myesthenia gravis
114
Drug properties (2)
Affinity
| Intrinsic Activity
115
Receptor acting drugs
Full agonist
Antagonist
Partial agonist
116
Naloxone or Naltrexone is as ANTAGONIST of what drug
Narcotics
117
Flumanezil is an ANTAGONIST of what drug
Benzodiazepines
118
Used for induction of gen anesth
Ultra short acting barbiturates
119
Stage 1 of gen anesth
Amnesia and analgesia
120
Unstable stage of gen anesth
Stage 2 -delirium
121
Most stable stage of gen anesth
Stage 3
| Surgical anesth
122
Stage of gen anesth wherein it can happen if px is overdosed
Stage 4
| Respiratory depression
123
Administration of chloral hydrate
Oral
124
Regulate sleep wake cycles
Reticular activating System (RAS)
125
Drug for lethal injection (3)
Thiopental
Pancuronium bromide
KCl
126
Drug uses (sedative - hypnotic drug)
Sedation
Induction of gen anesth
Insomnia
Anti seizure and anti anxiety
127
Adverse drug effects of sedative hypnotic drugs (4)
Drug dependence
Stimulates porphyrin production
Respiratory depression
Coma
128
Depressant drugs
SNAB KA
SEDATIVE HYPNOTICS
NARCOTICS
ALCOHOL
BENZODIAZEPINES
129
Never combine with other CNS depressant because it has ____ effect
Synergistic effect
| 1+1 = >2
130
Sedative hypnotics produces analgesia
| T or F
False
131
Sedative hypnotics produces drug dependence
True
132
Naloxone and narcotics have ____ effect/drug
Antagonist
1+1=0
Demi Lovato
133
Anti convulsant drugs are used (3)
Anti epileptic or anti seizure
Antianxiety
Sedation
134
Type of seizures
Partial seizure
| Generalize seizure
135
Seizure with abnormal activity in just one part of the brain
Partial seizure
136
Seizure where abnormal activity in all parts of brain
Generalize seizure
137
Seizure with absence of consciousness
Absence of movt for few seconds
AKA
Absence seizures
| Petit mal seizure
138
Seizure wherein muscle are jerking for few seconds to few mins
Myoclonic
139
Seizure wherein there is muscle relaxation for few seconds to few mins
AKA
Atonic seizure
| Drop seizure
140
Seizure wherein px is unconscious with muscle stiffness and jerking movt’s for few mins
Most common type
Tonic clonic seizures
141
Tonic clonic seizure aka
Grandmal seizure
| Up to 5 mins
142
30 mins seizure aka
Status epilepticus
| Repeated grandmal
143
DOC for tonic clonic and status epilepticus seizure
Diazepam
| Phenytoin (if wala sa choice ung isa)
144
Ca channel blocker drugs
Nifedipine
Verapamil
Cyclosporine
145
Drug with gingival hyperplasia side effect
Phenytoin
Nifedipine
Verapamil
Cyclosporines
146
Doc for tic douloureux
Carbamezapine (Tegretol)
147
*Benzodiazepines that induce GA
Midazolam
Diazepam
Lorazepam
148
Most common benzodiazepines used for GA
Midazolam
149
Least common benzodiazepines used for GA
Lorazepam
150
Common drugs for anti seizure (5)
```
Benzodiazepines
Phenytoin
Carbamezapine
Valproic acid
Barbiturates
```
151
Anti anxiety drugs potentiates _____ receptors and ______ neurotransmitters
GABA
| Inhibitory
152
Main use for phenytoin (2)
Anti seizure
| Anti arrythmia
153
Active drug of benzodiazepines
Dimethyldiazepam
154
Diazepam is slowly and poorly absorbed in what route of administration
IM
155
Diazepam is greatly absorbed in (2)
Oral
| IV
156
Adverse effect of Anti anxiety drugs
Severe sedation
Paradoxical excitement
Drug dependence
Respi depression
Drug induced gingival hyperplasia
157
Anti anxiety Drug uses
Anti convulsants
Preop sedation
Induction of gen anesth
Insomnia
Mild anticholinergic effect
