General pathology and Microbiology Flashcards
1
Q
Inflammation indicates an ____ is present
A
Antigen
2
Q
Cardinal signs of inflammation (5)
A
Rubor - redness Calor - heat Tumor - swelling Dolor -pain Functio laesa
3
Q
Mediators of inflammation cause ____ and _____
A
Vasodilation
Inc vascular permeability
4
Q
Mediators of Inflammation (4)
A
Prostaglandin
Bradykinin
Kallidin
Histamine
5
Q
Most impt mediator of inflammation
A
Histamine
6
Q
Mediator of inflammation that produces pain (3)
A
Prostaglandin
Bradykinin
Kallidin
7
Q
Peripherally lining up of WBC
Preparation of diapedesis
A
Pavementing or migration
8
Q
Specialized CD8
A
Natural killer cells
9
Q
Exudates are seen in
A
Abscess
10
Q
Transudate are seen in (2)
A
Edema
Gingival crevicular fluid
11
Q
Passive movt of blood cells across endothelial wall
A
Diapedesis
12
Q
Process of cell digestion (4)
A
Phagosome
Lysosome
Phagolysosome
Residual bodies
13
Q
Cell eating
A
Phagocytosis
14
Q
Matures in thymus
A
T lymphocytes
15
Q
T helper cells
A
CD4
16
Q
Cytotoxic T cells
A
CD8
17
Q
*Dse deficient thymus (dec T cells) and PTH gland
A
DiGeorge Syndrome
18
Q
Specialized CD8
A
NK cells
19
Q
Matures in bone marrow
A
B lymphocytes
20
Q
Activated B cells
Produces Ig
A
Plasma cells
21
Q
Contains azurophilic granules
A
Neutrophils
22
Q
Principal content of pus
A
Dead neutrophil
23
Q
Vascular permeability with numerous proteins (albumin)
Example:_____
A
Exudate
Abscess
24
Q
Vascular permeability with few proteins Seen in (2)
A
Transudate
Edema
Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF)
25
Specific gravity for
Exudate
Transudate
>1.018
| <1.012
26
Peripherally lining up of WBC
Pavementing or migration
27
Preparation for diapedesis
Pavementing or migration
28
Location of WBC
Central portion of blood
29
*Passive movt of blood cells across endothelial wall
Diapedesis
30
Specialized movt of lymphocytes across endothelium
Emperipolesis
31
Organelle used by WBC to move across endothelium
Pseudopods
32
*phenomenon through which blood borne antigens are attracted and fixed to areas of inflammation
Anachoresis
33
Once there’s antigen, wbc from central portion will move
Peripheral
34
Cell eating
Phagocytosis
35
Process of cell digestion
Phagosome
Lysosome
Phagolysosome
Residual bodies
36
Injury > resistance what infection
Acute infection
37
Example of acute infection (2)
Ludwig’s angina
| Cellulitis
38
Ludwigs angina bilateral involvement of (3)
Submandibular space
Sublingual spaces
Submental spaces
39
Inflammation of cells
More localized
AKA
Cellulitis
| Phlegmon
40
Injury = resistance what infection
Chronic infection
41
Blade #____ for I and D
11
42
Blade #____ for Universal
15
43
Blade #____ for I distal incision
12
44
Blade #____ for Extraoral
10
45
Most common stage for chronic apical periodontitis
Granuloma
46
Lining of cyst
Stratified squamous
47
Leukocytosis is a characteristic of what infection
Acute bacterial infection
48
Lymphocytosis is a characteristic of what infection
Viral infection
49
Cells found in chronic infection (3)
Plasma cells
Lymphocytes
Macrophage
50
Type 1 hypersensitivity rxn
Mediator:
Example:(2)
Allergic
Anaphylactic
Immediate hypersensitivity
IgE
Asthma and urticaria
51
Type 2 hypersensitivity rxn
Mediator:
Example
Cytotoxic hypersensitivity
IgG
IgM
Hemolytic anemia
Erythroblastosis fetalis
52
Type 3 hypersensitivity rxn
Mediator:
Example
```
Immune Complex hypersensitivity
Antigen and antibody complex
SLE
Serum sickness
Arthus rxn
```
53
Type 4 hypersensitivity rxns
Takes days before reaction to appear
Mediator:
Delayed; T-cell mediated
| Immune cells
54
DOC of low BP
Epinephrine 1:1,000
55
Stage of CAP
Abscess
Granuloma
Cyst
56
Types of immunity (2)
Non-specific/Passive/Innate
| Specific/active/adaptive (lymphocyte)
57
Examples of passive immunity
Barriers - 1st line of defense
| Phagocytes - 2nd
58
Mediator of Humoral immunity
B cells
59
2 types of specific immunity
Humoral
| Cell mediated
60
What does B cell present in humoral immunity
Major histocompatibility complex 2
61
Once B lymphocyte is activated it will transform into (2)
Memory B cell
| Plasma cell
62
MHC 2 will bind with
CD4
63
Other name for CD4
T helper cells
64
Site for antibodies seen in antigen
Epitope
65
Binding site for complement protein found in antibiotics
Fc receptor
66
Once complement proteins bind to Fc receptor there would be production of _____
C3b (opsonin)
67
Creates hole in antigen to completely eliminate antigen
C5b (MAC)
68
Accumulation of C3b on antigen
Opsonization
69
Mediator for cell mediated immunity
T cell
70
In cell mediated, cell produce ____ proteins
Production of ____ to alarm the body
Then it will produce ____ and will bind together to kill antigen
Abnormal
MHC 1
CD8
71
Types of immunity (2)
Non-specific/Passive/Innate
| Specific/active/adaptive (lymphocyte)
72
In cell mediated, cell produce ____ proteins
Production of ____ to alarm the body
Then it will produce ____ and will bind together to kill antigen
Abnormal
MHC 1
CD8
73
Mediator for cell mediated immunity
T cell
74
Accumulation of C3b on antigen
Opsonization
75
Creates hole in antigen to completely eliminate antigen
C5b (MAC)
76
Once complement proteins bind to Fc receptor there would be production of _____
C3b (opsonin)
77
Binding site for complement protein found in antibodies
Fc receptor
78
Site for antibodies seen in antigen
Epitope
79
Other name for CD4
T helper cells
80
MHC 2 will bind with
CD4
81
Once B lymphocyte is activated it will transform into (2)
Memory B cell
| Plasma cell
82
What does B cell present in humoral immunity
Major histocompatibility complex 2
83
2 types of specific immunity
Humoral
| Cell mediated
84
Mediator of Humoral immunity
B cells
85
Examples of passive immunity
Barriers - 1st line of defense
| Phagocytes - 2nd
86
3 types of cells according to regenerative properties
Labile
Stable
Permanent cells
87
Type of tissue repair multiplies throughout life
Short life
Example:___
Labile cells
| Epithelial cells
88
Type of tissue repair that multiplies when damaged
| Example (3)
Stable cells
Liver
Kidney
Pancreas
89
Type of tissue repair that cannot multiply
| Example (4)
```
Permanent cells
Neuron
Mature RBC
Skeletal
Cardiac muscles
```
90
Organ better in regeneration
Liver
91
Immature RBC with nucleus
Reticulocytes
92
Retrogressive changes in cells and tissue characterised by abnormal structure changes within the cell and dec function
Cellular degeneration
93
Types of Degeneration (4)
Cloudy swelling
Hydropic or vacuolar
Fatty degeneration
Hyaline degeneration
(CHEFFF)
94
Swelling of cells resulting to pale or cloudy appearance of tissue
Mildest and most common type
Cloudy swelling
95
Excessive swelling of cells due to excessive water accumulation
Presence of vacuoles that displaces the nucleus
Hydropic or vacuolar
96
Accumulation of lipids or fats within the cells
Fatty degeneration
97
Intracellular accumulation of hyaline
Hyaline degeneration
98
Glassy appearance; eosinophilic (pink)
Hyaline
99
Hyaline Accumulation of PCT cells
Hyaline droplets
100
What dse is mallory bodies seen
Alcoholic cirrhosis
| Laennec’s cirrhosis
101
Hyaline accumulation for Yellow fever virus
Councilman bodies
102
Type of intracellular hyaline accumulation Seen in plasma cells
Russel-fuchs bodies
103
What intracellular hyaline accumulation is seen in typhoid fever
Zenker’s degeneration
104
Causative agent of typhoid fever
Salmonella typhi
105
Hyaline accumulation in glomerulus resulting to sclerosis and associated with diabetes
Diabetic glomerulosclerosis
106
Diabetic glomerulosclerosis AKA
Kimmelstiel-wilson syndrome
107
Extracellular hyaline accumulation
Amyloid
108
Abnormal protein fragments
| Seen in ______ staining
Amyloid
| Congo red staining
109
Most common organ involved in coagulation necrosis
Least:____
Heart
| Brain
110
Most common organ affected in infarction
Least:___
Heart
Liver
111
Necrosis associated with hypoxia and ischemia in all tissues
Coagulation necrosis
112
Common organ undergo liquefaction necrosis
Brain
113
Cheese like material necrosis
| Example:___
Caseous necrosis
| Lungs
114
Drug for TB
```
Rifampicin
Isoniazid
Pyrazinamide
Ethambutol
Streptomycin
```
115
Soft granulomatous growth
Gumma
116
Most common dse that undergo gummatous necrosis
Syphilis
117
Necrosis seen in lower extremities of diabetic patients
Gangrenous necrosis
118
Fat calcium complexes accumulation necrosis
| Example:____
Fat necrosis
| Pancreas
119
Side effect of Rifampicin
Hepatotoxic
120
Causative agent of syphilis
Treponema pallidum
121
Other name for syphilis
Lues dse
| Great pox
122
Side effect of streptomycin
Ototoxic
123
Stages of syphilis
Primary - chancre sores
Secondary - white mucous patches
Tertiary - gumma
124
Dse associated with white mucous patches
Candidiasis
White hairy leukoplakia
Syphilis
125
Brown to black pigment
Eumelanin
126
Red to yellow pigment
Pheomelanin
127
Carries oxygen in rbc
Hemoglobin
128
Microorganism assoc with gas gangrene
Clostridium Perfringens
129
Color of porphyrin
Red
130
Color of biliverdin
Green
131
Color of bilirubin
Yellow
132
Goldem brown or rust
| Seen in heart failure cells
Hemosiderin
133
Wear and tear pigment
| Common in neurons
Lipofuscin or lipochrome
134
Cause of blue gray black gingiva (3)
Plumbism
Argyria
Mercury poisoning
135
Lead poisoning
Plumbism
136
Bluish line in marginal gingiva
Burton line
137
Silver poisoning
Argyria
138
*Black pigmentation
Silver nitrate
139
Cherry red tissue poison
Carbon monoxide poisoning
140
Greenish black teeth
Tetracycline staining
141
Dse assoc with Yellowish teeth
Iron def anemia (ferrous sulfate)
142
Dse with copper accumulation
| With Brown green bordered eyes called _____
Wilson’s dse
| Keyser fleischer ring
143
*Bacteria associated pigment - yellow sulfur granules
Actinomyces israeli
144
Bacteria associated pigment - golden yellow
Staph aureus
145
Bacteria associated pigment - red metachromic granules AKA
Corynebacterium diptheriae
| Babes-Ernst granules
146
Bacteria associated pigment - red
Serratia marcescens
147
Bacteria associated pigment - bluish green
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
