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d.b.review 2 > General pathology and Microbiology > Flashcards

General pathology and Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

Inflammation indicates an ____ is present

A

Antigen

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2
Q

Cardinal signs of inflammation (5)

A 
Rubor - redness
Calor - heat
Tumor - swelling
Dolor -pain
Functio laesa
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3
Q

Mediators of inflammation cause ____ and _____

A

Vasodilation

Inc vascular permeability

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4
Q

Mediators of Inflammation (4)

A

Prostaglandin
Bradykinin
Kallidin
Histamine

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5
Q

Most impt mediator of inflammation

A

Histamine

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6
Q

Mediator of inflammation that produces pain (3)

A

Prostaglandin
Bradykinin
Kallidin

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7
Q

Peripherally lining up of WBC

Preparation of diapedesis

A

Pavementing or migration

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8
Q

Specialized CD8

A

Natural killer cells

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9
Q

Exudates are seen in

A

Abscess

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10
Q

Transudate are seen in (2)

A

Edema

Gingival crevicular fluid

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11
Q

Passive movt of blood cells across endothelial wall

A

Diapedesis

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12
Q

Process of cell digestion (4)

A

Phagosome
Lysosome
Phagolysosome
Residual bodies

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13
Q

Cell eating

A

Phagocytosis

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14
Q

Matures in thymus

A

T lymphocytes

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15
Q

T helper cells

A

CD4

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16
Q

Cytotoxic T cells

A

CD8

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17
Q

*Dse deficient thymus (dec T cells) and PTH gland

A

DiGeorge Syndrome

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18
Q

Specialized CD8

A

NK cells

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19
Q

Matures in bone marrow

A

B lymphocytes

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20
Q

Activated B cells

Produces Ig

A

Plasma cells

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21
Q

Contains azurophilic granules

A

Neutrophils

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22
Q

Principal content of pus

A

Dead neutrophil

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23
Q

Vascular permeability with numerous proteins (albumin)

Example:_____

A

Exudate

Abscess

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24
Q 
Vascular permeability with few proteins 
Seen in (2)
A

Transudate
Edema
Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF)

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25
Q

Specific gravity for
Exudate

Transudate

A

> 1.018

<1.012

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26
Q

Peripherally lining up of WBC

A

Pavementing or migration

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27
Q

Preparation for diapedesis

A

Pavementing or migration

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28
Q

Location of WBC

A

Central portion of blood

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29
Q

*Passive movt of blood cells across endothelial wall

A

Diapedesis

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30
Q

Specialized movt of lymphocytes across endothelium

A

Emperipolesis

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31
Q

Organelle used by WBC to move across endothelium

A

Pseudopods

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32
Q

*phenomenon through which blood borne antigens are attracted and fixed to areas of inflammation

A

Anachoresis

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33
Q

Once there’s antigen, wbc from central portion will move

A

Peripheral

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34
Q

Cell eating

A

Phagocytosis

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35
Q

Process of cell digestion

A

Phagosome
Lysosome
Phagolysosome
Residual bodies

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36
Q

Injury > resistance what infection

A

Acute infection

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37
Q

Example of acute infection (2)

A

Ludwig’s angina

Cellulitis

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38
Q

Ludwigs angina bilateral involvement of (3)

A

Submandibular space
Sublingual spaces
Submental spaces

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39
Q

Inflammation of cells
More localized

AKA

A

Cellulitis

Phlegmon

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40
Q

Injury = resistance what infection

A

Chronic infection

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41
Q

Blade #____ for I and D

A

11

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42
Q

Blade #____ for Universal

A

15

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43
Q

Blade #____ for I distal incision

A

12

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44
Q

Blade #____ for Extraoral

A

10

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45
Q

Most common stage for chronic apical periodontitis

A

Granuloma

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46
Q

Lining of cyst

A

Stratified squamous

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47
Q

Leukocytosis is a characteristic of what infection

A

Acute bacterial infection

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48
Q

Lymphocytosis is a characteristic of what infection

A

Viral infection

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49
Q

Cells found in chronic infection (3)

A

Plasma cells
Lymphocytes
Macrophage

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50
Q

Type 1 hypersensitivity rxn
Mediator:
Example:(2)

A

Allergic
Anaphylactic
Immediate hypersensitivity

IgE
Asthma and urticaria

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51
Q

Type 2 hypersensitivity rxn
Mediator:
Example

A

Cytotoxic hypersensitivity
IgG
IgM

Hemolytic anemia
Erythroblastosis fetalis

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52
Q

Type 3 hypersensitivity rxn
Mediator:
Example

A 
Immune Complex hypersensitivity
Antigen and antibody complex
SLE
Serum sickness
Arthus rxn
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53
Q

Type 4 hypersensitivity rxns
Takes days before reaction to appear
Mediator:

A

Delayed; T-cell mediated

Immune cells

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54
Q

DOC of low BP

A

Epinephrine 1:1,000

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55
Q

Stage of CAP

A

Abscess
Granuloma
Cyst

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56
Q

Types of immunity (2)

A

Non-specific/Passive/Innate

Specific/active/adaptive (lymphocyte)

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57
Q

Examples of passive immunity

A

Barriers - 1st line of defense

Phagocytes - 2nd

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58
Q

Mediator of Humoral immunity

A

B cells

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59
Q

2 types of specific immunity

A

Humoral

Cell mediated

60
Q

What does B cell present in humoral immunity

A

Major histocompatibility complex 2

61
Q

Once B lymphocyte is activated it will transform into (2)

A

Memory B cell

Plasma cell

62
Q

MHC 2 will bind with

A

CD4

63
Q

Other name for CD4

A

T helper cells

64
Q

Site for antibodies seen in antigen

A

Epitope

65
Q

Binding site for complement protein found in antibiotics

A

Fc receptor

66
Q

Once complement proteins bind to Fc receptor there would be production of _____

A

C3b (opsonin)

67
Q

Creates hole in antigen to completely eliminate antigen

A

C5b (MAC)

68
Q

Accumulation of C3b on antigen

A

Opsonization

69
Q

Mediator for cell mediated immunity

A

T cell

70
Q

In cell mediated, cell produce ____ proteins
Production of ____ to alarm the body
Then it will produce ____ and will bind together to kill antigen

A

Abnormal
MHC 1
CD8

71
Q

Types of immunity (2)

A

Non-specific/Passive/Innate

Specific/active/adaptive (lymphocyte)

72
Q

In cell mediated, cell produce ____ proteins
Production of ____ to alarm the body
Then it will produce ____ and will bind together to kill antigen

A

Abnormal
MHC 1
CD8

73
Q

Mediator for cell mediated immunity

A

T cell

74
Q

Accumulation of C3b on antigen

A

Opsonization

75
Q

Creates hole in antigen to completely eliminate antigen

A

C5b (MAC)

76
Q

Once complement proteins bind to Fc receptor there would be production of _____

A

C3b (opsonin)

77
Q

Binding site for complement protein found in antibodies

A

Fc receptor

78
Q

Site for antibodies seen in antigen

A

Epitope

79
Q

Other name for CD4

A

T helper cells

80
Q

MHC 2 will bind with

A

CD4

81
Q

Once B lymphocyte is activated it will transform into (2)

A

Memory B cell

Plasma cell

82
Q

What does B cell present in humoral immunity

A

Major histocompatibility complex 2

83
Q

2 types of specific immunity

A

Humoral

Cell mediated

84
Q

Mediator of Humoral immunity

A

B cells

85
Q

Examples of passive immunity

A

Barriers - 1st line of defense

Phagocytes - 2nd

86
Q

3 types of cells according to regenerative properties

A

Labile
Stable
Permanent cells

87
Q

Type of tissue repair multiplies throughout life
Short life
Example:___

A

Labile cells

Epithelial cells

88
Q

Type of tissue repair that multiplies when damaged

Example (3)

A

Stable cells
Liver
Kidney
Pancreas

89
Q

Type of tissue repair that cannot multiply

Example (4)

A 
Permanent cells 
Neuron
Mature RBC
Skeletal
Cardiac muscles
90
Q

Organ better in regeneration

A

Liver

91
Q

Immature RBC with nucleus

A

Reticulocytes

92
Q

Retrogressive changes in cells and tissue characterised by abnormal structure changes within the cell and dec function

A

Cellular degeneration

93
Q

Types of Degeneration (4)

A

Cloudy swelling
Hydropic or vacuolar
Fatty degeneration
Hyaline degeneration

(CHEFFF)

94
Q

Swelling of cells resulting to pale or cloudy appearance of tissue
Mildest and most common type

A

Cloudy swelling

95
Q

Excessive swelling of cells due to excessive water accumulation
Presence of vacuoles that displaces the nucleus

A

Hydropic or vacuolar

96
Q

Accumulation of lipids or fats within the cells

A

Fatty degeneration

97
Q

Intracellular accumulation of hyaline

A

Hyaline degeneration

98
Q

Glassy appearance; eosinophilic (pink)

A

Hyaline

99
Q

Hyaline Accumulation of PCT cells

A

Hyaline droplets

100
Q

What dse is mallory bodies seen

A

Alcoholic cirrhosis

Laennec’s cirrhosis

101
Q

Hyaline accumulation for Yellow fever virus

A

Councilman bodies

102
Q

Type of intracellular hyaline accumulation Seen in plasma cells

A

Russel-fuchs bodies

103
Q

What intracellular hyaline accumulation is seen in typhoid fever

A

Zenker’s degeneration

104
Q

Causative agent of typhoid fever

A

Salmonella typhi

105
Q

Hyaline accumulation in glomerulus resulting to sclerosis and associated with diabetes

A

Diabetic glomerulosclerosis

106
Q

Diabetic glomerulosclerosis AKA

A

Kimmelstiel-wilson syndrome

107
Q

Extracellular hyaline accumulation

A

Amyloid

108
Q

Abnormal protein fragments

Seen in ______ staining

A

Amyloid

Congo red staining

109
Q

Most common organ involved in coagulation necrosis

Least:____

A

Heart

Brain

110
Q

Most common organ affected in infarction

Least:___

A

Heart

Liver

111
Q

Necrosis associated with hypoxia and ischemia in all tissues

A

Coagulation necrosis

112
Q

Common organ undergo liquefaction necrosis

A

Brain

113
Q

Cheese like material necrosis

Example:___

A

Caseous necrosis

Lungs

114
Q

Drug for TB

A 
Rifampicin
Isoniazid 
Pyrazinamide
Ethambutol
Streptomycin
115
Q

Soft granulomatous growth

A

Gumma

116
Q

Most common dse that undergo gummatous necrosis

A

Syphilis

117
Q

Necrosis seen in lower extremities of diabetic patients

A

Gangrenous necrosis

118
Q

Fat calcium complexes accumulation necrosis

Example:____

A

Fat necrosis

Pancreas

119
Q

Side effect of Rifampicin

A

Hepatotoxic

120
Q

Causative agent of syphilis

A

Treponema pallidum

121
Q

Other name for syphilis

A

Lues dse

Great pox

122
Q

Side effect of streptomycin

A

Ototoxic

123
Q

Stages of syphilis

A

Primary - chancre sores
Secondary - white mucous patches
Tertiary - gumma

124
Q

Dse associated with white mucous patches

A

Candidiasis
White hairy leukoplakia
Syphilis

125
Q

Brown to black pigment

A

Eumelanin

126
Q

Red to yellow pigment

A

Pheomelanin

127
Q

Carries oxygen in rbc

A

Hemoglobin

128
Q

Microorganism assoc with gas gangrene

A

Clostridium Perfringens

129
Q

Color of porphyrin

A

Red

130
Q

Color of biliverdin

A

Green

131
Q

Color of bilirubin

A

Yellow

132
Q

Goldem brown or rust

Seen in heart failure cells

A

Hemosiderin

133
Q

Wear and tear pigment

Common in neurons

A

Lipofuscin or lipochrome

134
Q

Cause of blue gray black gingiva (3)

A

Plumbism
Argyria
Mercury poisoning

135
Q

Lead poisoning

A

Plumbism

136
Q

Bluish line in marginal gingiva

A

Burton line

137
Q

Silver poisoning

A

Argyria

138
Q

*Black pigmentation

A

Silver nitrate

139
Q

Cherry red tissue poison

A

Carbon monoxide poisoning

140
Q

Greenish black teeth

A

Tetracycline staining

141
Q

Dse assoc with Yellowish teeth

A

Iron def anemia (ferrous sulfate)

142
Q

Dse with copper accumulation

With Brown green bordered eyes called _____

A

Wilson’s dse

Keyser fleischer ring

143
Q

*Bacteria associated pigment - yellow sulfur granules

A

Actinomyces israeli

144
Q

Bacteria associated pigment - golden yellow

A

Staph aureus

145
Q

Bacteria associated pigment - red metachromic granules AKA

A

Corynebacterium diptheriae

Babes-Ernst granules

146
Q

Bacteria associated pigment - red

A

Serratia marcescens

147
Q

Bacteria associated pigment - bluish green

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

d.b.review 2 (21 decks)

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