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Pharmacology (Complete) Flashcards

1
Q

What is cystitis?

A

A bladder infection

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2
Q

What cardiac issues are calcium channel blockers used to treat?

A

High blood pressure, arrhythmias, and angina.

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3
Q

What is a commonly used foaming agent?

A

Gaviscon - alginic acid

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4
Q

What is a stage 2 high blood pressure reading?

A

Systolic of 160-179 and diastolic of 100-109

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5
Q

What antibiotic category interferes with DNA formation?

A

Nalidixic acid

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6
Q

What hormones are produced by the adrenal medulla?

A

Adrenaline (epinephrine)

Noradrenaline (norepinephrine)

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7
Q

What are some side effects of beta blockers?

A

Heart failure, hypotension, sleep disturbances, dizziness, fatigue, nausea, bradycardia, drowsiness

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8
Q

What is the main function of the pineal gland?

A

Sleep cycle

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9
Q

What auxiliary labels are required for beta blockers?

A

May cause dizziness
This drug may impair the ability to drive or operate machinery.
Do not discontinue abruptly

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10
Q

What is abortive migraine therapy?

A

Treating acure migraines after they occur. These drugs are taken at the first sign of a headache.

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11
Q

What serious warning comes with phenytoin (Dilantin)?

A

It is a known teratogen, classified as a risk category D

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12
Q

What are the most commonly prescribed drugs for bipolar?

A

Lithium compounds

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13
Q

What is the lower esophageal sphincter?

A

A ring of increased thickness in a circular, smooth muscle layer in the esophagus.

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14
Q

What are the four main generalized seizures?

A

Grand mal
Petit mal
Myoclonic
Atonic/Akinetic

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15
Q

What drug classes interact with oral contraceptives?

A

Antibiotics
Antifungals
Benzos
Bronchodilators

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16
Q

How much fluid is excreted by the kidneys a day?

A

1500mL

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17
Q

What do pulmonary arteries do?

A

Carry blood from the right ventricle to the lungs to be oxygenated.

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18
Q

What is a receptor, in terms of pharmacodynamics?

A

A group of specific protein molecules with which drugs combine reversibly or irreversibly

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19
Q

What is ALS also known as?

A

Lou Gehrig’s disease

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20
Q

What drug classification shound be avoided by pregnant women, or women in their childbearing years?

A

5 a-reductase inhibitors

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21
Q

What is within the thoracic cavity?

A

The heart and lungs

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22
Q

What is loperamide (imodium) used for?

A

Diarrhea - Antimotility agent taken after each loose BM

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23
Q

What does LES stand for?

A

Lower esophageal sphincter

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24
Q

What do antacids contain?

A

Aluminum salts
Magnesium salts
BOTH

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25
Q

What is an anaphylactic reaction?

A

A severe reaction resulting in immediate life threatening respiratory distress.

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26
Q

What is the filtering unit of the nephron called?

A

The glomerulus

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27
Q

What are three commonly used antidiarrheals?

A

Pepto bismol - bismuth subsalicylate
Lomotil - diphenoxylate atropine
Imodium - loperamide

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28
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A

Reduction or weakening of the bone mass, increasing the risk of bone fracture

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29
Q

What is the pathway of air through the respiratory system?

A

Nostrils –> nasal cavities –> pharynx –> epiglottis –> larynx –> trachea –> bronchi –> bronchioles –> alveoli

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30
Q

Where are magnesium ions found, extra or intracellularly?

A

intercellularly

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31
Q

What is tuberculosis?

A

Contagious bacterial infection that can spread fro the lungs to other organs

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32
Q

What is an emergency blood pressure reading?

A

Systolic of 180 or higher, and diastolic of 110 or higher

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33
Q

What medications can not be taken while also taking nitrates?

A

sildenifil, verdenifil, tadalafil

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34
Q

What is creitinism?

A

Hypothyroidism at birth

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35
Q

What are the two types of narcotic analgesics?

A

Opiates and opioids

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36
Q

What are the two types of hormones in the endocrine system composed of?

A

One of protein, one of steroid

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37
Q

What does TCA stand for?

A

Tricyclic antidepressants

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38
Q

What percentage of male patients will have BPH by age 85?

A

90%

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39
Q

What bacteria plays an important role in causing both gastric and doudenal ulcers

A

H. Pylori

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40
Q

What NEEDS to be avoided when on oral contraceptives? Why?

A

Smoking - it can cause heart attacks

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41
Q

What hormone are pregnancy tests trying to detect?

A

Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)

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42
Q

What do prostaglandin analogues do in terms of ulcer treatment?

A

Inhibit gastric acid secretion by the direct action on the parietal cells.

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43
Q

What does BPH stand for?

A

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

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44
Q

What is the most common GI disorder?

A

IBS

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45
Q

What happens with magnesium salt antacids?

A

Causes diarrhea, and can cause gastric emptying.

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46
Q

What are some common PPIs used for ulcer treatment?

A 
esomeprazole 
omeprazole 
lansoprazole 
rabeprazole 
pantoprazole
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47
Q

What are some side effects of ACE inhibitors?

A

hypotension, dry cough, hyperkalemia, and renal impairment.

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48
Q

What are some natural products to treat menopause?

A

Red clover
evening primrose
soy

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49
Q

What is angina?

A

Chest pain due to an imbalance between oxygen supply and oxygen demand.

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50
Q

Where does metabolism mainly occur?

A

In the liver

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51
Q

In terms of inflammatory action, what do prostaglandins do?

A

Produce fever, cause pain and inflammation

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52
Q

What is neuropathic pain?

A

Pain associated with nerve injury by trauma, infection, or chronic disease

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53
Q

What is ventricular fibrillation?

A

The ventricular contraction is independent of the atria in a disorganized manner. Can lead to death

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54
Q

What kind of things interact with phenytoin (Dilantin)?

A 
Alcohol
Carbamazepine 
clonazepam 
fluoxetine 
oral contraceptives 
warfarin 
corticosteroids
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55
Q

What auxiliary labels are required on CCBs?

A

May cause dizziness
Avoid taking with grapefuit juice
This drug may impair the ability to drive or operate heavy machinery

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56
Q

What are some examples of drugs used to treat parkinsons disease?

A

levodopa-carbidopa
ropinirole
benztropine

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57
Q

What are some pharmacologic OTC therapies for headache?

A

OTC analgesics

  1. Acetaminophen (Tylenol)
  2. NSAIDs: ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin), naproxen (Aleve)
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58
Q

What are some side effects of loperamide (imodium)?

A

Abdominal cramps, drowsiness, dizziness, dry mouth, rash.

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59
Q

What happens during a complex partial seizure?

A

Purposeless behavior
Aura before seizure
Lasts up to 20 minutes

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60
Q

What is gastritis?

A

An irritation and erosion of the stomach lining.

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61
Q

What happens during a grand mal seizure?

A

The body becomes rigid, lasting a minute or two. Muscle jerks, shallow breathing, loss of bladder control. After the attack patient is drowsy and confused for some hours.

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62
Q

What is the valve of the heart that seperates the atrium and the ventricle on the right side?

A

Tricuspid atrioventricular valve

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63
Q

What kind of hormone is vasopressin?

A

An antidiuretic hormone

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64
Q

What are surfactant laxatives?

A

Stool softeners with a detergent activity that facilitates admixture of fat and water to make the stool soft and mushy.

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65
Q

What schedule is Plan B?

A

Schedule 3

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66
Q

What carries blood away from the heart?

A

Arteries

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67
Q

What is an addition drug relationship?

A

The combined effect of two drugs

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68
Q

When are ACE inhibitors contraindicated?

A

In pregnancy

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69
Q

What are four symptoms of asthma?

A

Shortness of breath
Tightness of the chest
Coughing
Wheezing

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70
Q

What are some common side effects of opioids?

A 
Nausea
Vomiting 
Drowsiness
Dry mouth 
Hypotension 
Urinary retention and constipation
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71
Q

What is stage 3 renal disease?

A

Chronic renal insuffieiency - dialysis is started here

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72
Q

What does systole mean in terms of heartbeat?

A

Contraction of the ventricles send blood into the pulmonary and systemic circulation.
“lub” sound

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73
Q

How do benzos work for anxiety?

A

Work by reducing neuronal excitability

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74
Q

What is the ceiling effect?

A

The point in which the body no longer gets increased response with increased dosing

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75
Q

What are two commonly used surfactant laxatives?

A

Docusate calcium

Docusate sodium

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76
Q

What drugs seriously interact with trazodone?

A

Xanax (alprazolam)

Halcion (triazolam)

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77
Q

What is the gender that has more depression, and what is the peak age group?

A

Women, 35-45

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78
Q

What is the primary treatment option for narcolepsy? Give two examples

A

stimulants (methylphenidate, dextroamphetamine)

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79
Q

What are nephrons responsible for?

A

forming urine

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80
Q

What does diastole mean in terms of heartbeat?

A

relaxation of the ventricles allows them to fill with blood from the atria
“dub” sound

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81
Q

What is GERD?

A

A condition or change in tissue structure that results from the reflux of stomach or duodenal content into the esophagus

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82
Q

What are the three characteristics of ADHD?

A

Hyperactivity
Impulsivity
Distractibility

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83
Q

What is prophylactic migraine therapy?

A

Attempts to prevent or reduce occurence.

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84
Q

Is there a cure for asthma?

A

NO CURE

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85
Q

What is included in the initial treatment of a heart attack?

A

Nitrates, oxygen, aspirin and pain medication

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86
Q

What is another name for a heart attack?

A

Myocardial infarction
Coronary thrombosis
Coronary occlusion

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87
Q

What is a major example of a loop diuretic?

A

Furosemide

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88
Q

How does sucralfate work for ulcers?

A

It forms a coating over the ulcer, which protects the ulcer from stomach acid and allows it to heal.

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89
Q

What classifies pain as chronic pain?

A

Lasting over three months and severe enough to impair function.

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90
Q

What does GERD stand for?

A

Gastro Esophageal Reflux Disease

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91
Q

Describe what happens to the body during expiration?

A

The internal intercostal muscles draw the ribs down and inward.
The wall of the abdomen contracts, pushing the stomach and liver upward

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92
Q

What other drugs can be used to treat bipolar, besides lithium?

A

Tegretol (carbamazepine)
Depakene (valproic acid)
Depakote (divalproex)

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93
Q

What are some common side effects of NSAIDs?

A 
Nausea 
Vomiting 
Diarrhea
Constipation 
Rash 
Dizziness
Headache 
Drowsiness
Decreased appetite
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94
Q

What are monophasic oral contraceptives?

A

fixed dose of estrogen and progestin throughout the cycle

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95
Q

What does DIN stand for?

A

Drug Identification Number

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96
Q

What are analgesics?

A

Medicines to relieve pain

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97
Q

How many stages are in Renal Disease?

A

4 stages

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98
Q

How much of the body is intracellular fluid?

A

two thirds.

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99
Q

What are some common Histamine H2-Receptor antagonists used for ulcer treatment?

A

Ranitidine
Cimetidine
Famotidine
Nizatidine

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100
Q

What antibiotic category prevents folic acid synthesis?

A

Sulfonamides

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101
Q

What three disorders is Paxil(paroxetine) indicated for?

A

Depression
OCD
Panic disorder

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102
Q

What are the three primary classes of analgesics?

A

Narcotics
NSAIDs
acetaminophen

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103
Q

Where is the highest concentration of histamine found in the body?

A

In the lungs

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104
Q

What is a peptic ulcer?

A

A small erosion/hole in the GI tract

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105
Q

What are generalized seizures?

A

Involve both hemispheres of the brain at the same time, no local origin.

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106
Q

What does bradykinin do?

A

Cause pain, causes contraction of intestinal, uterine, ad bronchial smooth muscle

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107
Q

What is the main function of the thymus?

A

Immune function

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108
Q

What are some examples of alpha blockers?

A

Flomax
Hytrin
Xatral

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109
Q

What is Graves disease?

A

The most common cause of hyperthyroidism

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110
Q

What hormones does the Hypothalamus produce?

A

TRH, GnRH, GHRH, CRH, SS, dopamine

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111
Q

In the endocrine system, what do prostaglandins do?

A

Cause uterine contraction and relaxation
Assist in transport and nutrition of sperm
Uterine cramps in menstruation

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112
Q

What is the first like therapy drug used for myoclonic seizures?

A

Valproic acid

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113
Q

Where are chloride ions found, extra or intracellularly?

A

Extracellularly

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114
Q

In the cardiovascular system, what do prostaglandins do?

A

Reduce blood pressure, increase heart rate, and increase cardiac output.

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115
Q

What are some non-prescription and natural remedies for the treatment of insomnia?

A

diphenhydramine
doxylamine
melatonin
valerian

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116
Q

What are some examples of ACE inhibitors used to treat hypertension?

A

ramipril
captopril
enalapril

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117
Q

What does TIA stand for?

A

Transient Ischemic Attack

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118
Q

How do CCB’s work to treat hypertension?

A

Relax blood vessel walls leading to reduced blood pressure.

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119
Q

What is partially digested food in the stomach called?

A

Chyme

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120
Q

How many nephrons does each kidney approximately have?

A

1.3 millium

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121
Q

What is the most established SSRI?

A

Prozac - fluoxetine

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122
Q

What does SNRI stand for?

A

Serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors

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123
Q

What are some side effects of Effexor (venlafaxine)?

A

Nausea
Dry mouth
Blurred vision
Headache

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124
Q

How do histamine H2-receptor antagonists work?

A

They block H2 receptors on gastric cells, antagonizing the normal effect on gastric acid pruduction

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125
Q

What are some side effects of CCBs?

A

Hypotension, flushing, edema.

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126
Q

What are the two receptors that histamine acts on?

A

H1 and H2

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127
Q

How many digits are in a DIN

A

8 digits

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128
Q

What is high-normal blood pressure?

A

130-139 / 81-89 mmHg

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129
Q

What are the two forms of inflammatory bowel disease?

A

Ulcerative Colitis

Crohns Disease

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130
Q

What are the cortex and the medulla in the kidneys made up of?

A

Nephrons

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131
Q

What are the 4 main factors effecting distribution?

A

Blood flow
Binding to plasma proteins
Binding to cellular constituents
Blood Brain Barrier

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132
Q

What are the parts of the nephron? (4)

A

Glomerulus
Proximal convoluted tubule
Loop of henle
Distal convoluted tubule

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133
Q

How does angiotensin effect blood pressure?

A

Antiotensinogen is cleaved to angiotensin 1 with the enzyme renin
Angiotensin 1 is cleaved into angiotensin 2 with ACE. Angiotensin 2 causes vasoconstriction

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134
Q

What is the residual air amount of the lungs?

A

1200mL, it is what is left in the lungs even with maximum expiration

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135
Q

When is misoprostol commonly used when treating ulcers?

A

It is used to treat and prevent ulcers caused by NSAIDs

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136
Q

What is the most common muscle relaxant?

A

Flexeril (cyclobenzaprine)

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137
Q

What is urethritis?

A

Discomfort or pain at the urethra or a burning sensation in the urethra

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138
Q

What is an atrial flutter?

A

Atria beat much faster than they should

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139
Q

What two disorders is fluoxetine/Prozac indicated for?

A

Major depression and OCD

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140
Q

What percent of men get UTIs?

A

10%

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141
Q

What is the main function of the parathyroid gland?

A

Calcium levels

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142
Q

What is the main function of the adrenal gland?

A

Stress levels

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143
Q

What are the most potent diuretics?

A

Loop diuretics

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144
Q

What auxilliary labels are required on nitrates?

A 
May cause blurred vision
May cause dizziness 
Do not shake (spray) 
External use only (patch) 
Do not take with alcohol
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145
Q

What happens during an atonic seizure?

A

Sudden lose of muscle tone and consciousness.

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146
Q

What is the most common severe psychiatric disorder?

A

clinical depression

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147
Q

What are the different kinds of diuretics?

A

Loop diuretics
Thiazide diuretics
Potassium sparring diuretics

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148
Q

What are pharmacodynamics?

A

The action of drugs in the body over a period of time

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149
Q

What is hypokalemia?

A

Potassium levels are too low

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150
Q

What are foaming agents?

A

They cover your stomach contents with foam to prevent reflux.

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151
Q

What are some symptoms of transient ischemic attack?

A 
Weakness in arms and legs 
Vision and language problems 
Confusion 
Vertigo 
Poor balance 
Lack or coordination
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152
Q

What classification of drugs are preferred for insomnia?

A

Benzodiazepines

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153
Q

What foods should be avoided with a patient is taking MAOIs?

A

Cheese
Pickled fish
Board bean pods
Sauerkraut

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154
Q

What are the three common types of angina?

A

Stable
Unstable
Variant

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155
Q

How long do narcolepsy attacks last?

A

A few seconds to 30 minutes

156
Q

What is hypertension defined as?

A

Systolic pressure consistently at 140 or higher, and diastolic at 90 or higher

157
Q

What do chloride ion do for the body?

A

Help regulate differenes in osmotic pressure between fluid compartments and are important for PH balance

158
Q

What is a stage 1 high blood pressure reading?

A

systolic of 140-159 and diastolic of 90-99

159
Q

In terms of patient care assessment, what does PMH stand for?

A

Past Medical History

160
Q

What are humectants? What are some examples?

A

Draws water from the environment into the skin, and retains water that is already present.

glycerin, lactic acid

161
Q

What is pulmonary circulation?

A

Loop from the heart to the lungs and back again.

162
Q

What are the parts of the urinary system?

A 
2 kidneys 
2 ureters 
Urinary bladder 
2 sphincter muscles 
Urethra
163
Q

What hormones are produced by ovaries?

A

Estrogen and progesterone

164
Q

What volume of urine can the bladder contain without high-pressure damage occuring?

A

700-1000mL

165
Q

What are some examples of CCBs used to treat hypertension?

A

diltiazem
nifedipine
verapamil

166
Q

What are some examples of beta blockers used in the treatment of hypertension?

A

Propranolol
Atenolol
Nadolol
Metoprolol

167
Q

How does Depo-Provera work?

A

Injection every 3 months, within first 5 days of menstruation.

168
Q

How do beta blockers work to treat hypertension?

A

Reduce the amount of blood pumped by the heart causing vasodilation

169
Q

What classifictions of drugs are used to treat BPH?

A

Alpha blockers

5 alpha reductase inhibitors

170
Q

What are two major problems with NSAIDs?

A

Ulcers and kidney problems

171
Q

How do MAOIs work?

A

Inhibit the activity of the enzymes that breakdown catacholamines, thus allowing these transmitters (epinephrine, dopamine, norepinephrine) to build up in the synapse

172
Q

What are three common side effects of Paxil (paroxetine)?

A

Nausea
Headache
Sweating

173
Q

What are the 4 main phases of drug/body interaction in pharmacokinetics?

A

Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Elimination

ADME

174
Q

The Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas produces which hormones?

A

Insulin
Glucagon
Somatostatin

175
Q

What are the two most common antidepressants that do not fall into any of the four different anti-depressant categories?

A

Desyrel (trazodone)

Zyban, Wellbutrin (bupropion)

176
Q

What is within the abdominal cavity?

A

The viscera

177
Q

in what patients should OTC decongestants be avoided?

A

In patients with high blood pressure.

178
Q

What is an esophagus?

A

A muscular tube that extends from the pharynx through the diaphragm

179
Q

What are some examples of natural health products used for lower back pain?

A

Devil’s claw, white willow bark

180
Q

What are some other drugs used in the treatment of ADHD?

A

Adderall
Dexedrine
Vyvanse

181
Q

What is the typical dose of ibuprofen?

A

400mg taken every 8 hours

182
Q

When should ARB’s not be taken?

A

When pregnant

183
Q

What are some medications that will negatively interact with impotence agents?

A 
nitrates 
antifungals 
grapefruit juice 
SSRIs 
MAOIs
184
Q

What is a synergism drug relationship?

A

The joint action of drugs in which their combined effect is more intense or longer in duration than the sum of their individual effects.

185
Q

What are some examples of short acting “rescue” medications?

A

Salbutamol, fenoteral, terbutline

186
Q

What is another name for the bladder?

A

the detrusor

187
Q

Where does elimination primarily occur?

A

In the kidney and the bowel

188
Q

What is a potentiation drug relationship?

A

When a drug increases or prolongs the action of another drug and the total effect is greater than the sum of the effects of the drugs used alone.

189
Q

What are schedule 3 drugs?

A

No prescription required
In the sight of the pharmacist
Lock and leave `

190
Q

What is distribution in terms of pharmacokinetics?

A

The process by which a drug moves from the blood stream into other body fluids and tissues

191
Q

What does MAOI stnd for?

A

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors

192
Q

What are the two types of hypercholesterolemia?

A

LDL (low density lipoprotein “bad”)

HDL (high density lipoprotein “good”)

193
Q

What are some examples of diuretics used to treat hypertension?

A

Hydrochlorothiazide
furosemide
indapamide

194
Q

What are two commonly used antacids?

A

Milk of Magnesia

Maalox

195
Q

What are osmotic laxatives?

A

Stool softeners that draw water into the colon and thereby stimulate evacuation of the lower bowel

196
Q

What is a commonly used bowel evacuant?

A

Fleet Soda (sodium phosphate)

197
Q

What happens during a petit mal seizure?

A

inturruption of activities, blank stare, eye twitching. No convulsions. After the person continues normally.

198
Q

What neurotransmitters are major effectors of schizophrenia?

A

Dopamine, and serotonin to a lesser degree

199
Q

What causes gout?

A

Hyperuricemia - a buildup or urate in the blood

200
Q

What is the valve of the heart that seperates the atrium and the ventricle on the left side?

A

Mitral atrioventricular valve

201
Q

What is absorption in terms of pharmacokinetics?

A

The process whereby a drug enters the circulatory system

202
Q

What are some side effects of bupropion?

A

Dry mouth
Nausea and vomiting
Seizures
Impotence

203
Q

What is the most common symptom of GERD?

204
Q

What are some risk factors of atherosclerosis?

A 
Smoking cigarettes 
High blood pressure
Elevated cholesterol 
Diabetes 
Family History 
Obesity
205
Q

What are some side effects of nitrates?

A

hypotension, headache, and reflex tachycardia.

206
Q

What auxiliary label must be included in inhaled corticosteroids?

A

Rinse mouth thoroughly after each use

207
Q

What is the rate that filtrate is made in the glomerulus of the nephron?

208
Q

What are some examples of inhaled corticosteroids?

A

fluticasone, budesonide, beclomethasone

209
Q

What is stage 2 renal disease?

A

Renal insufficiency - creatine will be slightly elevated, mild anemia could be present.

210
Q

What lines the inner surface of the thoracic cavity and the outer surface of the lungs?

A

pleural membranes

211
Q

What is gout?

A

Deposits of urate crystals in the joints that produces inflammation

212
Q

Which antibiotic categories block protein formation?

A

Macrolides and tetracyclines

213
Q

What is emphysema?

A

A condition in which the alveoli deteriorate, causing the lungs to lose their elasticity

214
Q

What does COPD stand for?

A

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

215
Q

What are phase 1 treatments for GERD?

A

Lifestyle changes, and over the counter antacids.

216
Q

What is the main function of the thyroid gland?

A

Metabolism

217
Q

ADHD and ADD are more common in girls or boys?

218
Q

What does SCHOLAR-E stand for, in terms of patient assessment?

A 
Symptoms 
Characteristics 
History 
Onset 
Location 
Aggravating factors 
Remitting factors 
Explanatory Model
219
Q

In terms of patient care assessment, what does Med Hx stand for?

A

Medication History

220
Q

What OTC products can be used to treat nasal symptoms of a common cold?

A

Saline nose spray for irritated nose
Petrolatum for raw nose
Menthol for improved nasal breathing.

221
Q

What are the parts of the endocrine system?

A 
Pineal gland 
Pituitary gland 
Thyroid gland 
Thymus 
Adrenal gland 
Pancreas 
Ovary 
Testis
222
Q

What are the two types of seizures?

A

Parietal

General

223
Q

How does Ortho-Evra Pathc work?

A

Transdermal patch containing estrogen and progestin, applied each week for three weeks, nd then one week patch free.

224
Q

How does Plan B work?

A

Take 2 tablets at once, or one within 72 hours of sex, and one more 12 hours later.

225
Q

What does insulin do for the body?

A

Lowers the level of sugar in the blood

226
Q

What is the most common type of peptic ulcer?

A

Duodenal peptic ulcer, which happens in the first 12 inches of the small intestine

227
Q

What should be remembered when taking trazodone?

A

Take with food at bedtime,
Do not take with alcohol
Avoid sun exposure

228
Q

What is pyelonephritis?

A

A kidney infection

229
Q

What is triphasic oral contraceptives?

A

Estrogen dose is same or varies, progestin varies throughout cycle.

230
Q

What can be damaged if hypertension is left untreated?

A

Eyes, kidneys, heart and brain.

231
Q

What are the four categories of antidepressants?

A

SSRI
SNRI
TCA
MAOI

232
Q

What are the two classes of migraine therapy?

A

Abortive therapy

Prophylactic therapy

233
Q

What happens to patient with ALS?

A

Disease of nerves that leads to muscle weakness, paralysis, and eventual death.

234
Q

What are some side effects of benzodiazepines?

A

Drowsiness
Impaired reflexes
Muscle relaxation
DEPENDANCE

235
Q

What is an agonist in terms of pharmacodynamics?

A

A drug that binds to a receptor to elicit a response

236
Q

What auxiliary label should be included on TCAs?

A

Patients should avoid prolonged sun exposure

237
Q

How many times does the heart beat per minute?

238
Q

What is stage 1 Renal Disease?

A

Loss of renal reserve - patients will not experience symptoms

239
Q

How do ACE Inhibitors work to treat hypertension?

A

Block production of angiotensin 2 thus reducing blood pressure

240
Q

What are partial seizures?

A

They effect only one side of the brain and can result from injury to the cerebral cortex

241
Q

What divides the two parts of the body cavity?

A

The diaphragm

242
Q

What causes gastritis of the stomach lining?

A

Alcohol, smoking, bacteria, fungi, parasites, NSAIDs, and bile reflux

243
Q

What are some first line therapy drugs for a grand mal seizure?

A

Tegretol
Dilantin
Valproic acid

244
Q

What are some examples of drugs used to treat schizophrenia?

A

Zyprexa
Clozaril
Seroquel
Risperdal

245
Q

Describe what happens to the body during inspiration?

A

The external intercostal muscles contract, lifting the ribs up and out.
The diaphragm contracts, drawing it down.

246
Q

What are magnesium ions important for in the body?

A

Production of bones and teeth

muscle contraction

247
Q

What are two commonly used antiemetics?

A

Maxeran - metoclopramide

Zofran - ondansetron

248
Q

What are antacids?

A

Basic compounds that neutralizes hydrochloric acid in gastric secretions.

249
Q

How do diuretics help hypertension?

A

Increase elimination of salt and water through urination which lessens blood volume and pressure.

250
Q

What are three common types of neuropathic pain?

A

Diabetic neuropathy
Phantom limb
Shingles

251
Q

What are the 3 main groups of ulcer treatment?

A

Histamine H2- receptor antagonists
PPIs
Prostaglandin Analogues

252
Q

What are biphasic oral contraceptives?

A

Fixed estrogen dose, less progestin in the first half of cycle and increased during the second half

253
Q

What is BPH?

A

A non-cancerous condition of the prostate gland where it becomes enlarged, which can block the urethra.

254
Q

What is asthma?

A

A severe allergic reaction characterized by the constriction of bronchioles?

255
Q

What is an idiosyncratic response?

A

These are ususual or unexpected responses to a drug, unrelated to the dose given.

256
Q

What is attpulgite (kaopectate) used for?

A

Diarrhea - Absorbent agent for mild to moderate acute diarrhea, and is taken after each bowel movement.

257
Q

What is a common prostaglandin analogue used in ulcer treatment?

A

misoprostol

258
Q

What ion is critical for the production of thyroid hormones?

259
Q

Whta are some symptom alleviation and preventative steps that are not pharmacologic we could suggest to a patient with a headache?

A 
Hydration 
Regular sleeping schedule 
Regular eating schedule 
Reducing stress 
Limiting caffeine intake 
Avoiding triggers.
260
Q

What is the recommended OTC therapy for dry skin?

A

Moisturizers, best used BID or TID

261
Q

What are two commonly used saline laxatives?

A

Milk of Magnesia and Epsom salts (magnesium sulfate)

262
Q

What is pneumonia?

A

Infectious condition in which the alveoli become filled with fluid, preventing the exchange of gasses.

263
Q

What does the pulmonary vein do?

A

Brings blood from the lungs to the left atrium

264
Q

What is Hypercholesterolemia ?

A

High cholesterol

265
Q

What can cause fatal consequences when mixed with impotence agents?

A

Nitroglycerin

Isosorbide dinitrate or mononitrate

266
Q

What is optimal blood pressure?

A

120/80 mmHg

267
Q

What carries blood TO the heart?

268
Q

When is sucralfate used?

A

For the treatment of doudenal and stomach ulcers, and the the prevention of doudenal ulcers.

269
Q

What does NPN stand for?

A

Natural Product Number

270
Q

What age group do petit mal seizures happen most to?

271
Q

How much of the body is extracellular fluid?

A

One-thirds.

272
Q

What happens during myoclonic seizures?

A

Sudden, massive muscle jerks. Consciousness is not lost, can occur in sleep.

273
Q

What is the largest gland in the body?

274
Q

What does the aorta of the heart do?

A

Carries blood from the left ventricle to the systemic circulation

275
Q

What are three examples of non-narcotic analgesics?

A

NSAIDs
Salicylates
Acetaminophen

276
Q

Treatment of anxiety is done by medications that affect which neurotransmitters?

A

GABA
serotonin
norepinephrine

277
Q

What percentage of women get UTIs?

278
Q

What does the superior and inferior vena cava do?

A

Bring blood back to the right atrium from the systemic circulation.

279
Q

What drugs are used in the treatment of alzeheimers?

A

donepezil
rivastigmine
galantamine

280
Q

What are some common uses for NSAIDs?

A

Headaches
Muscle pain
Inflammation
Fever

281
Q

What hormone are produced by the posterior pituitary lobe?

A

Oxytocin and ADH

282
Q

What is status epilepticus?

A

A medical emergency brought on by repeated generalized seizures that can deprive the brain of oxygen

283
Q

What drugs are used in the treatment of petit mal seizures?

A

Valproic acid

clonazepam

284
Q

What is an antagonist in terms of pharmacodynamics?

A

A drug that interacts with a receptor to prevent a biological response

285
Q

What two diseases are included in COPD?

A

Emphysema and Bronchitis

286
Q

What is the usual dose of lithium for bipolar?

A

300mg 2-3 times a day

287
Q

What drugs are used to treat neuropathic pain?

A

Antidepressants
Antisezure drugs
Local anesthetics
Capsacin

288
Q

Where is the doudenum located?

A

The first 20-30cm of the small intestine

289
Q

What hormone does the pineal glad produce?

290
Q

What does the adrenal cortex produce in terms of hormones?

A

Glucocorticoids, mineralcorticoids, androgens

291
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

Gradual process in which plaques of cholesterol are deposited in the walls of arteries.

292
Q

What does IBD stand for?

A

Inflammatory Bowel Disease

293
Q

What is a major cause of COPD?

294
Q

What are occlusives? What is a downside to them? Give an example

A

Blocks skin surface to prevent further water loss, promotes barrier repair. Downside is they are greasy.

Beeswax, mineral oil petrolatum

295
Q

What is a major problem with it comes to antacids, and why?

A

Patient compliance, because they must be given every hour for 6-8 weeks if there is an active bleed.

296
Q

What classifications of drugs are used in the treatment of heart failure?

A 
ACE inhibitors
Beta blockers
Diuretics
ARBs
Digoxin
Nitrates
CCBs
297
Q

What neurotransmitter will show a decline in alzeheimers patients?

A

Acetylcholine

298
Q

What are some symptoms of a panic attack?

A 
Chest pain 
dizziness
sweating 
trembling 
hot flashes
palpitations
299
Q

NSAIDs are contraindicated in which patients?

A

Patients allergic to aspirin

300
Q

What are some common SSRIs?

A

Prozac - fluoxetine
Paxil - paroxetine
Zoloft - sertraline
Celexa - citalopram

301
Q

What hormones are produced by the anterior pituitary lobe?

A

GH, PRL, ACTH, TSH, FSH, LH

302
Q

What percentage of males have BPH but are asymptomatic?

303
Q

What is cystic fibrosis?

A

over-secretion of thick mucus

304
Q

What are some examples of combination therapies for respiratory issues?

A

salmeterol+fluticasone (Advair)

formoterol+budesonide (Symbicort)

305
Q

Why is aspirin a unique NSAID?

A

Its ability to inhibit the clotting of blood for 4-7 days

306
Q

What drugs should be avoided with a patient is taking MAOIs?

A

Meperidine
Methylphenidate
Levodopa
Amphetamine

307
Q

What does NSAID stand for?

A

Non Steroidal Anti Inflammatory Drug

308
Q

What auxiliary labels are required for ARBs?

A

May cause dizziness

This drug may impair the ability to drive or operate machinery

309
Q

Where are the kidneys located in the body?

A

On the posterior wall of the abdomen, at the level of the 12th rib, on each side of the vertebral column.

310
Q

What do H2 blockers do?

A

Block H2 receptors in the GI tract

311
Q

What drugs cause an excessive loss of potassium in the urine?

A

Diuretics, like loop diuretics, thiazide diuretics, and metolazone

312
Q

What is the direct cause of peptic ulcers?

A

The destruction of the gastric or intestinal mucosal lining of the stomach by hydrochloric acid

313
Q

What do ARB’s treat, in terms of cardiac conditions?

A

Hypertension, heart failure, prevent stroke and kidney failure.

314
Q

What is bronchitis?

A

Inflammation of the lining of the bronchioles

315
Q

What is a second line therapy for a grand mal seizure?

A

phenobarbital

316
Q

What is the main function of the pituitary gland??

A

Master gland

317
Q

What neurotransmitters are imbalanced in Parkinson’s disease?

A

dopamine and acetylcholine

318
Q

What are heart arrhythmias?

A

Abnormal heart rhythms

319
Q

What are some examples of long acting “non-rescue” medications?

A

salmeterol, formoteral

320
Q

What is stage 4 renal disease?

A

ESRD - End stage renal disease - patient requires chronic dialysis

321
Q

What are the two most severe side effects and adverse reactions of narcotic analgesics?

A

Respiratory depression

Fatal overdose

322
Q

What are emollient ointments?

A

Barrier, seals moisture into skin, minimize water loss. Greasy

323
Q

What are four side effects of TCAs?

A

Sedation
Dry mouth
Constipation
Urinary retention

324
Q

In terms of patient care assessment, what does HPI stand for?

A

History of Present Illness

325
Q

What does ALS stand for?

A

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

326
Q

What are some symptoms of Mania?

A 
Overactive 
Over talkative 
Lots of energy 
Short attention span 
Easily distracted
327
Q

What cardiac conditions are ACE inhibitors used to treat?

A

Hypertension, heart failure, prevent strokes.

328
Q

What are some side effects of fluoxetine?

A

Drowsiness
Insomnia
Nausea
Loss of appetite

329
Q

The absorption of a drug depends on what 3 main factors?

A

ROA
Soluability
Physical Properties

330
Q

What organ is essential for maintaining volume and composition of body fluid through filtration?

331
Q

What do the coronary arteries do?

A

Provide the heart with oxygenated blood

332
Q

What does the thyroid gland produce?

A

T3 (triiodothyronine)
T4 (Thyroxine)
Calcitonin

333
Q

What are saline laxatives?

A

Saline laxatives attract water into the intestinal lumina

334
Q

What does SSRI stand for?

A

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

335
Q

In terms of cardiac diseases, what are beta blockers used to treat?

A

High blood pressure, angina, arrhythmia’s, and heart failure.

336
Q

What are the ventricles of the heart seperated by?

A

interventricular septum

337
Q

What auxiliary labels should be included in diuretics?

A

Avoid prolonged sun exposure
May cause dizziness
This drug may impair the ability to drive or operate machinery

338
Q

What are the contractions in the doudenum called?

A

Peristalisis

339
Q

What cardiac issues are nitrates used to treat?

A

Angina, CHF, and hypertensive emergency

340
Q

What happens during a simple partial seizure?

A

Stiffening or jerking in one extremity
No loss in consciousness
Sensory hallucinations

341
Q

What is the most common type of seizure?

A

Parietal seizures

342
Q

What is the most commonly used OTC non narcotic analgesic?

A

Acetaminophen

343
Q

What is an antagonism drug relationship?

A

The action of the drug negates the action of the second drug

344
Q

In terms of patient care assessment, what does RFA stand for?

A

Reason for Assessment

345
Q

What four major effects can narcotics have?

A

Analgesia, sedation, euphoria, dysphoria.

346
Q

What is systemic circulation?

A

Blood from the heart to all other parts of the body and back again.

347
Q

What happens with aluminum salt antacids?

A

Produce constipation, and delay gastric emptying.

348
Q

What do PPIs do in terms of ulcer treatment

A

Act by blocking the enzyme system responsible for active transport of protons into the GI lumen.

349
Q

How does the Nuva Ring work?

A

Insert for 3 weeks, remove for 1 week

350
Q

What does aldosterone do to effect blood pressure?

A

Increases water reabsorption in the kidneys that increases blood volume, cardiac output, and blood pressure.

351
Q

When are antacids commonly given to a patient?

A

Between meals and at bedtime

352
Q

What are the 5 components of a classic migraine?

A 
Prodrome 
Aura
Headache 
Headache relief 
Postdrome
353
Q

What does IBS stand for?

A

Irritable bowel syndrome

354
Q

What are some examples of 5 a-reductase inhibitors?

A

Proscar

Avodart

355
Q

What percentage of males will have BPH by age 60?

356
Q

What does PPI stand for?

A

Proton Pump Inhibitor

357
Q

What antibiotic categories inhibit cell wall formation?

A

Penicillins

358
Q

What is anxiety?

A

A condition associated with tension, fear, or panic

359
Q

What is the vital capacity of the lungs?

A

4 litres of air

360
Q

What are schedule 2 drugs?

A

No prescription required
Behind the counter
Pharmacist consult required
Record sale

361
Q

What is the primary site of absorption and why?

A

The small intestines, because of its large surface area

362
Q

When does menopause occur?

A

When a woman has not had a period in over 1 year, around age 50

363
Q

What is the first line therapy drug for atonic seizures?

A

Valproic acid

364
Q

What are the second line thrapy drugs used for myoclonic seizures?

A

Lamotrigine

clonazepam

365
Q

What are the four major types of anxiety disorders?

A

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
Panic disorder
Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)
Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

366
Q

What is the drug of choice for ADHD and narcolepsy?

A

Methylphenidate

367
Q

What is the second line therapy drugs for atonic seizures?

A

lamotrigine

clonazepam

368
Q

What is atrial fibrillation?

A

An irregular and sometimes rapid heart rhythm where the atria quiver instead of pumping effectively

369
Q

What is hyponatremia?

A

low levels of sodium

370
Q

In the GI system, what do prostaglandins do?

A

Stimulate mucosal secretion

Aspirin and NSAIDS inhibit its formation and release

371
Q

What is a transient ischemic attack?

A

A brief interruption in the blood supply to the brain that leads to temporary neurological deficits.

372
Q

What are the two parts of the body cavity?

A

Abdominal cavity

Thoracic cavity

373
Q

What are some side effects of phenytoin (dilantin)?

A

Dizziness, drowsiness, ataxia, slowed thinking

374
Q

What are the artia in the heart separated by?

A

Interatrial septum

375
Q

What are some side effects of ARB’s?

A

Hypotension, dizziness, fatigue, hyperkalemia, dyspepsia, and diarrhea

376
Q

What are the functional units of the kidneys?

377
Q

Can women get BPH?

378
Q

What is nocturia?

A

The need to urinate during the night

379
Q

What is diverticular disease?

A

A result from a deficiency of fiber over time - it is an outpocketing from the bowel wall that becomes inflamed.

380
Q

By age 65, how many percentage of men have ED?

381
Q

What auxilliary labels are required for ACE inhibitors?

A

May cause dizziness

This drug may impair the ability to drive or operate machinery.

382
Q

What classification of drugs can be used in children with bed wetting problems?

383
Q

What do antihistamines do?

A

Block H1 receptors in the upper respiratory system

384
Q

What are a few major examples of thiazide diuretics?

A

hydrochlorothiazide
indapamide
metolazone

385
Q

In the kidneys, the movement of fluid from one compartment to another is regulated by what two factors?

A

Blood pressure

Osmotic concentation

386
Q

Where does gas exchange take place in the respiratory system?

A

The alveoli

FINAL FINAL (10 decks)

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