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FINAL FINAL > Pharmacology 2 (Complete) > Flashcards

Pharmacology 2 (Complete) Flashcards

1
Q

What hormone plays a large role in keeping bones strong in females?

A

Estrogen

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2
Q

What drugs are used to treat osteoporosis?

A

Bisphosphonates
Calcium and Vitamin D
Estrogen

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3
Q

How do bisphosphonates work or osteoporosis?

A

The inhibit bone re-absorption by osteoclasts.

The prevent bone loss associated with estrogen deficiency

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4
Q

What are three common bisphosphonates?

A

Actonel - risedronate
Didronel - etidronate
Fosamax - alendronate

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5
Q

What auxiliary label MUST be kept on corticosteroids?

A

Keep in the fridge, but DO NOT FREEZE

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6
Q

What are the four diagnostic tests that can be done to check glucose levels?

A

Fasting blood glucose levels
Hemoglobin A1c
Oral glucose tolerance test
Random blood glucose test

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7
Q

What should normal blood glucose levels be between?

A

4mmol/L and 7mmol/L

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8
Q

What are the three types of diabetes?

A

Type 1
Type 2
Gestational diabetes

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9
Q

Is there a cure for type 1 diabetes?

A

No

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10
Q

What are the four main types of insulin?

A

Rapid acting
Short acting
Intermediate acting
Long acting

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11
Q

What are some examples of rapid acting insulin?

A

Humalog and NovoRapid

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12
Q

What is an example of short acting insulin?

A

Humilin R

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13
Q

What is an example of intermediate acting insulin?

A

Humulin N, Novolin

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14
Q

What is an example of long acting insulin?

A

Lantus, Levemir

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15
Q

What are two examples of premixed versions of insulin?

A

Humulin 30/70

Humalog Mix 50/50

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16
Q

What drug classifications are used in the treatment of Type 2 diabetes?

A 
Sulfonylureas 
Biguanide 
Thiazoldinediones 
DPP4
Incretin memetics
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17
Q

What are some examples of sulfonylureas used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes?

A

Glyburide

Gliclazide

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18
Q

What is a biguanide used to treat type 2 diabetes

A

Metformin

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19
Q

When does gestational diabetes occur?

A

During 3-8% of pregnancies

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20
Q

How do blood glucose meters work?

A

Require a small blood sample to determine current blood sugar level - meters are usually free with the purchase of 100 test strips

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21
Q

What is the lancet in a blood glucose meter?

A

The needles that are one time use, to poke the fingers to get the blood sample

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22
Q

What do ketostix detect in urine?

A

Ketones

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23
Q

What do Keto-Diastix detect in urine?

A

Ketones and glucose

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24
Q

Antibiotics work in what four ways?

A
  1. Block protein formation
  2. Inhibit cell wall formation
  3. Interfere with DNA
  4. Prevent folic acid synthesis
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25
Q

What is a bactericidal agent?

A

It kills invading organisms immediately

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26
Q

What is a bacteriostatic agent?

A

It inhibits the growth and multiplication of bacteria

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27
Q

Describe sulfonamides

A

Bacteriostatic
Block a step in the pathway of folic acid
Inhibits DNA synthesis

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28
Q

What are the four main therapeutic uses for sulfonamides?

A
  • UTI’s
  • Otitis Media
  • Ulcerative Colitis
  • Lower respiratory infections
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29
Q

What are some side effects of sulfonamides?

A 
Nausea 
Rash 
Vomiting 
Blood Compications
Photosensitivity
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30
Q

What can happen to a patient on sulfonamides if they do not drink enough water?

A

Kidney damage due to crystalization of drugs in the renal tubules

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31
Q

What auxiliary labels do on sulfonamides?

A

Drug should be taken with lots of water
Discolouration of urine
Avoid prolonged sun exposure

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32
Q

How do penicillin antibiotics work against bacteria?

A

They prevent bacteria from forming a rigid cell wall needed for survival

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33
Q

What kind of things are penicillin type antibiotics used to treat?

A

Abcesses
Otitis media
Pneumonia
Respiratory Infections

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34
Q

What is a major side effect of penicillin type antibiotics?

A

Diarrhea

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35
Q

What auxiliary label should be included on penicillin type antibiotics?

A

Take on empty stomach - food slows absorption of drug

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36
Q

What are cephalosporins used to treat?

A 
Oral infections 
Upper respiratory 
Sinus infections 
UTIs
Meningitis
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37
Q

What are three examples of first generation cephalosporins?

A

Duricef - cefadroxil
Ancef - cefazolin
Keflex - cehalexin

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38
Q

Describe the action of tetracyclines?

A

Broad spectrum antibiotics that inhibit protein synnthesis in bateria by binding to ribosomes

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39
Q

What are tetracyclines used to treat?

A

Acne
Chronic bronchitis
Lyme disease

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40
Q

What are some side effects of tetracyclines?

A 
Nausea
Vomiting 
Photosensitivity 
Diarrhea 
Tooth discolouration
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41
Q

In what populations should tetracyclines be avoided?

A

Pregnant women, nursing women, and young children because of tooth discolouration and effects on bone growth

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42
Q

What axuiliary labels should be included in tetracyclines?

A

Antacids should be seperated by several hours
Avoid prolonged sun exposure
Avoid dairy

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43
Q

What antibiotic becomes fatally toxic if consumed after they expire?

A

Tetracyclines

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44
Q

How do macrolides work against bacteria?

A

They inhibit protein synthesis by combining with ribosomes

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45
Q

What are macrolides commonly used to treat?

A

Chlamydia
Influenza
Pneumonia

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46
Q

What are side effects of macrolides?

A

GI upset
Discoloured urine
After taste

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47
Q

What auxiliary labels should be included with macrolides?

A

Take with food

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48
Q

How do quinolones work against bacteria?

A

They antagonize the enzyme responsible for coiling and replicating DNA

49
Q

What are quinolones used to treat?

A

Bone and joint infections
Infectious diarrhea
STI’s
UTIs

50
Q

What are some side effects of quinolones?

A 
Nausea and vomiting 
Joint swelling 
Dizziness
Photosensitivity 
Crystalluria
51
Q

What auxiliary labels should be included with quinolones?

A

Avoid sun exposure
Do not take with antacids
Take with plenty of water

52
Q

What auxiliary labels should be included with clindamycin?

A

Do not lie down for 30 mins after taking

Take with full glass of water

53
Q

What auxiliary label MUST be included on metronidazole?

A

DO NOT drink alcohol

54
Q

How do antifungals work?

A

They prevent the synthesis of ergosterol, a building block for fungal cell membranes

55
Q

What are some common antifungals?

A

Diflucan - fluconazole
Sporanox - itraconazole
Lamisil - terbinafine

56
Q

What is pulse dosing?

A

Treatment one week per month

57
Q

When is pulse dosing usually used to treat?

A

Fungal infections

58
Q

What are some side effects of diflucan?

A

Headache
GI upset
Rash

59
Q

When should Sporanox be taken?

A

Twice a day with a fatty meal

60
Q

What are some side effects of Sporanox?

A

Nausea, vomiting, jaundice

61
Q

How does Zovirax work, and what is it used to treat?

A

Acts by interfering with DNA synthesis

Treats shingles and chicken pox

62
Q

What are antiretrovirals used to treat?

A

The retrovirus HIV, which causes AIDS

63
Q

What are the two broad groups of fungi?

A

Yeasts and moulds

64
Q

What are the two types of glands in the skin?

A

Sebaceous glands - secrete sebum

Sweat glands

65
Q

What two common skin disorders come from the sebaceous glands?

A

Seborrhea

Acne Vulgaris

66
Q

What is seborrhea?

A

A skin condition caused by excessive secretions, which gives the skin an oily appearance

67
Q

What is pruritus?

A

Itching of the skin

68
Q

What is eczema?

A

Dermatitis - hot itchy red oozing skin condition

69
Q

What is Actinic keratosis?

A

A scaly skin lesion that is caused by too much sun and can lead to skin cancer

70
Q

What is impetigo?

A

Highly contagious skin infection, characterized by blisters and encrustations

71
Q

What is a furuncle?

A

A boil usually from a staph infection of the sebaceous gland

72
Q

What is a carbuncle?

A

Masses of infected follicles with deeper penetration than furuncles

73
Q

What are the two main types of external parasites?

A

Lice

Scabies

74
Q

What is pediculosis

A

An infection of lice

75
Q

What does otic medication treat?

A

EARS

76
Q

What does ophthalmic medication treat?

A

EYES

77
Q

What does mydriatics do?

A

Dilate the eye

78
Q

What are 4 fat soluable vitamins?

A

Vitamin A
Vitamin D
Vitamin E
Vitamin K

79
Q

What are the effects of Vitamin A on the body?

A

Used for growth, bone formation, shedding and repair of cells, and reproduction function

80
Q

What does Vitamin E do for the body?

A

Enhance immune response, slow dementia, prevent cataracts

81
Q

What does Vitamin K do for the body?

A

Formation of prothrombin in the liver and plays a role in blood clotting

82
Q

What are two water soluable vitamins?

A

Vitamin B and C

83
Q

What is another name for Vitamin A?

A

Retinol

84
Q

What is another name for vitamin K?

A

Phytonadione

85
Q

What is another name for vitamin B1?

A

Thiamine

86
Q

What is the function of Vitamin B1 in the body?

A

Carbohydrate metabolism

87
Q

What is another name for vitamin B2?

A

Riboflavin

88
Q

What is the function of Vitamin B2 in the body?

A

Maintains mucous membranes and metabolic energy pathways

89
Q

What is another name for Vitamin B3

A

Nicotinic Acid / Niacin

90
Q

What does vitamin B3 do for the body?

A

Fat synthesis, electron transport, protein metabolism

91
Q

What are the three Ds of a vitamin B3 deficiency?

A

Diarrhea, dementia, and dermatitis

92
Q

What is another name for Vitamin B5?

A

Pantothenic acid?

93
Q

What is the function of Vitamin B5 on the body?

A

Essential for growth and energy production

94
Q

What is another name for Vitamin B6?

A

Pyridoxine

95
Q

What is the function of vitamin B6 in the body?

A

Amino acid and fatty acid formation

96
Q

What is another name for Vitamin B12?

A

Cyanocobalamin

97
Q

What does Vitamin B12 do for the body?

A

Produce red blood cells

98
Q

What happens to the body when there is a Vitamin B12 deficiency?

A

Anemia

99
Q

What disease is associated with a vitamin D deficiency?

A

Rickets

100
Q

What disease is associated with a Vitamin B1 deficiency?

A

Beriberi

101
Q

What disease is associated with a Vitamin B3 deficiency?

A

Pellagra

102
Q

What disease is associated with a vitamin C deficiency?

A

Scurvy

103
Q

What is the average water percentage of body weight, in both women and in men?

A 
Women = 45-50% 
Men = 50-60%
104
Q

A loss of how much body water can lead to death?

A

25%

105
Q

What is the function of sodium in the body?

A

Nerve impulses, acid base balance.

106
Q

What happens with a significant loss of sodium?

A

Vomiting and diarrhea

107
Q

What is the function of potassium in the body?

A

Regulation of acid base, and water balance.
Protein synthesis
Muscle building

108
Q

What happens when there is a depletion of potassium in the body?

A

Loss of muscle tone, weakness, and paralysis

109
Q

What is calcium important for in the body?

A

Bone formation, muscle contraction, and blood coagulation

110
Q

What is the function of chloride in the body?

A

Transport of carbon dioxide

111
Q

What is the function of hydrogen ions in the body?

A

They determine the acidity or alkalinity of body fluids

112
Q

What is the second most abundant ion found in bones?

A

Magnesium

113
Q

What is the function of magnesium in the body?

A

Normal nerve and muscle function

114
Q

What is Ginkgo used to treat?

A

Alzheimer’s Disease

115
Q

What is another name for St. Johns Wart?

A

Nature’s Prozac

116
Q

What is the indication for St. Johns Wart?

A

Mild depression, anxiety, or insomnia.

117
Q

When should St. Johns Wart NOT be taken??

A

If on antidepressants

If on oral contraceptives - can cause irregular bleeding

118
Q

When is echinacea used?

A

If you have the common cold

119
Q

What is the most common route of poisoning?

A

Ingestion

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