Anatomy and Physiology 2 (Complete) Flashcards
What is the Myocardium?
The muscular middle layer of the heart
What is the Endocardium?
The inner layer of the heart
What is the difference between systemic and pulmonary circulation?
Systemic = Whole body Pulmonary = Heart to lungs
How many valves does the heart have?
4 valves
What do the Mitral valve and the tricuspid valve control?
Blood flow from the atria to the ventricles
The aortic valve and the pulmonary valve control what?
Blood flow out of the ventricles
What is it called when the heart valves become faulty?
A heart murmur
What is the Sinatrial node also known as?
The hearts natural pacemaker
What does the SA node do?
Send electrical signals from the atrium, causing it to contract and pump blood into the ventricle
What is it called when the heart’s signal is too slow or to fast, causing the heart to not beat properly?
An Arrhythmia
What test helps determine if there is a problem with the hearts electrical system?
ECG or EKG
What is a cardiac pulse also known as?
The heart rate
What does SV stand for, in terms of the heart?
Stroke volume
What is stroke volume?
The volume of blood pumped from the left ventricle per beat.
What does CO stand for, in terms of the heart?
Cardiac Output
What is cardiac output?
Amount of blood the heart pumps from each ventricle per minute
What is the pathway of air through the respiratory system?
Nostrils –> Nasal cavities –> Pharynx –> Epiglottis –> Larynx –> Bronchi –> Bronchioles –> Alveoli
How many aveoli are there approximately in two adult lungs?
300 Million
In the respiratory system, where does gas exchange take place?
The alveoli
What is the throat also known as?
The pharynx
What is the voice box also known as?
The larynx
What is the windpipe also known as?
The trachea
What filters air in the trachea?
Cilia
What structure divides the body cavity?
The diaphragm
What are the two halves of the body cavity called?
Abdominal cavity
Thoracic cavity
What is in the abdominal cavity?
The viscera (stomach and intestines)
What is within the thoracic cavity?
The heart and the lungs
The inner surface of the thoracic cavity and the outer surface of the lungs?
Pleural membranes
What is the vital capacity of the lungs?
The amount of air that leaves the lungs in one breath - about 4L
What is the residual air of the lungs?
The air left in the lungs after maximim expiration - usuall about 1200mL
What is asthma?
Severe allergic reaction characterized by the constriction of bronchioles.
What is Pneumonia?
Infectious condition in which the alveoli become filled with fluid, preventing gas exchange
What is tuberculosis?
A contagious bacterial infection
What are the two diseases associated with COPD?
Emphysema and Chronic Bronchitis
What does COPD stand for?
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseae
What is Emphysema?
A condition in which the alveoli deteriorate, causing the lungs to lose their elasticity
What is Chronic Bronchitis?
Inflammation if the lining of the bronchioles
What is cystic fibrosis?
Oversecretion of thick mucus clogs the respiratory system
What are the two ain components of saliva?
Salivary amylase and mucous secretion
When food is digested in the stomach, it becomes…?
Chyme
What is salivary amylase?
A chemical enzyme which begins chemical digestion
What is peristalisis?
Wave like contraction of the muscle layer of the digestive tract that moves food.
What is the direction of food through the digestive system?
Mouth –> pharynx –> esophagus –> stomach –> small intestine –> large intestine
What are the parts of the small intestine?
Doudenum, Jejunum, Ileum,
What are the parts of the large intestine?
Cecum, colon, rectum, anal canal
What is the main hormone of the stomach?
Gastrin
What are the 5 functions of the stomach?
Temporary food storage Control the rate at which food enters the doudenum Acid secretion and antibacterial action Fluidisation of stomach contents Preliminary digestion with pepsin
In what section of the small intestines does most chemical absorption?
Doudenum
The main enzymes of the pancreas are:
Lipases for fat
Peptidases for protein
Amylases for carbohydrates
What are the four parts of the pancreas?
Head
Neck
Body
Tail
What are the functions of the large intestine? (3)
Absorption of sodium and water
Incubation of bacteria
Elimination of wastes
What are some functions of the liver?
Production and secretion of bile
Helps maintain homeostasis
Converts glucose to glycogen
Detoxifies alcohol
How much bile does the liver excrete each day?
500-1000mL
What is the formal name for sperm cells?
Spermatoza
What accessory glands provide secretions for sperm?
Seminal vesicles
prostate gland
bulbourethral glands
What are the two main functions of the ovaries?
The production of specialized hormones, such as estrogen and progesterone
Ovulation
How long is the average menstrual cycle?
28 days
What are days 1-4 of the menstrual cycle called?
The menstrual cycle
What are days 5-13 of the menstrual cycle called?
Follicular phase / Proliferative phase
What is day 14 of the menstrual cycle called?
Ovulation
What is day 15-26 of the menstrual cycle called?
Luteal phase / secretory phase
What is days 27-28 of the menstrual cycle called?
Ischemic phase
What is Eumenorrhea?
A normal. regular menstruation.
What two sex hormones play a role in the control of the menstrual cycle?
Estradiol and progesterone
What is hypermenorrhea?
Sudden heavy flows during menstruation
What is hypermenorrhea?
Bleeding very little during the period
What is metrorrhagia?
Prolonged bleeding during the period
What is Amenorrhea?
Prolonged absence of the period during reproductive years.
What are the two main versions of the pill?
Monophasic
Triphasic
