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FINAL FINAL > Anatomy and Physiology 2 (Complete) > Flashcards

Anatomy and Physiology 2 (Complete) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Myocardium?

A

The muscular middle layer of the heart

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2
Q

What is the Endocardium?

A

The inner layer of the heart

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3
Q

What is the difference between systemic and pulmonary circulation?

A 
Systemic = Whole body 
Pulmonary = Heart to lungs
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4
Q

How many valves does the heart have?

A

4 valves

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5
Q

What do the Mitral valve and the tricuspid valve control?

A

Blood flow from the atria to the ventricles

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6
Q

The aortic valve and the pulmonary valve control what?

A

Blood flow out of the ventricles

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7
Q

What is it called when the heart valves become faulty?

A

A heart murmur

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8
Q

What is the Sinatrial node also known as?

A

The hearts natural pacemaker

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9
Q

What does the SA node do?

A

Send electrical signals from the atrium, causing it to contract and pump blood into the ventricle

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10
Q

What is it called when the heart’s signal is too slow or to fast, causing the heart to not beat properly?

A

An Arrhythmia

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11
Q

What test helps determine if there is a problem with the hearts electrical system?

A

ECG or EKG

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12
Q

What is a cardiac pulse also known as?

A

The heart rate

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13
Q

What does SV stand for, in terms of the heart?

A

Stroke volume

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14
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

The volume of blood pumped from the left ventricle per beat.

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15
Q

What does CO stand for, in terms of the heart?

A

Cardiac Output

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16
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

Amount of blood the heart pumps from each ventricle per minute

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17
Q

What is the pathway of air through the respiratory system?

A

Nostrils –> Nasal cavities –> Pharynx –> Epiglottis –> Larynx –> Bronchi –> Bronchioles –> Alveoli

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18
Q

How many aveoli are there approximately in two adult lungs?

A

300 Million

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19
Q

In the respiratory system, where does gas exchange take place?

A

The alveoli

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20
Q

What is the throat also known as?

A

The pharynx

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21
Q

What is the voice box also known as?

A

The larynx

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22
Q

What is the windpipe also known as?

A

The trachea

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23
Q

What filters air in the trachea?

A

Cilia

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24
Q

What structure divides the body cavity?

A

The diaphragm

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25
Q

What are the two halves of the body cavity called?

A

Abdominal cavity

Thoracic cavity

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26
Q

What is in the abdominal cavity?

A

The viscera (stomach and intestines)

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27
Q

What is within the thoracic cavity?

A

The heart and the lungs

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28
Q

The inner surface of the thoracic cavity and the outer surface of the lungs?

A

Pleural membranes

29
Q

What is the vital capacity of the lungs?

A

The amount of air that leaves the lungs in one breath - about 4L

30
Q

What is the residual air of the lungs?

A

The air left in the lungs after maximim expiration - usuall about 1200mL

31
Q

What is asthma?

A

Severe allergic reaction characterized by the constriction of bronchioles.

32
Q

What is Pneumonia?

A

Infectious condition in which the alveoli become filled with fluid, preventing gas exchange

33
Q

What is tuberculosis?

A

A contagious bacterial infection

34
Q

What are the two diseases associated with COPD?

A

Emphysema and Chronic Bronchitis

35
Q

What does COPD stand for?

A

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseae

36
Q

What is Emphysema?

A

A condition in which the alveoli deteriorate, causing the lungs to lose their elasticity

37
Q

What is Chronic Bronchitis?

A

Inflammation if the lining of the bronchioles

38
Q

What is cystic fibrosis?

A

Oversecretion of thick mucus clogs the respiratory system

39
Q

What are the two ain components of saliva?

A

Salivary amylase and mucous secretion

40
Q

When food is digested in the stomach, it becomes…?

A

Chyme

41
Q

What is salivary amylase?

A

A chemical enzyme which begins chemical digestion

42
Q

What is peristalisis?

A

Wave like contraction of the muscle layer of the digestive tract that moves food.

43
Q

What is the direction of food through the digestive system?

A

Mouth –> pharynx –> esophagus –> stomach –> small intestine –> large intestine

44
Q

What are the parts of the small intestine?

A

Doudenum, Jejunum, Ileum,

45
Q

What are the parts of the large intestine?

A

Cecum, colon, rectum, anal canal

46
Q

What is the main hormone of the stomach?

A

Gastrin

47
Q

What are the 5 functions of the stomach?

A 
Temporary food storage 
Control the rate at which food enters the doudenum 
Acid secretion and antibacterial action 
Fluidisation of stomach contents 
Preliminary digestion with pepsin
48
Q

In what section of the small intestines does most chemical absorption?

A

Doudenum

49
Q

The main enzymes of the pancreas are:

A

Lipases for fat
Peptidases for protein
Amylases for carbohydrates

50
Q

What are the four parts of the pancreas?

A

Head
Neck
Body
Tail

51
Q

What are the functions of the large intestine? (3)

A

Absorption of sodium and water
Incubation of bacteria
Elimination of wastes

52
Q

What are some functions of the liver?

A

Production and secretion of bile
Helps maintain homeostasis
Converts glucose to glycogen
Detoxifies alcohol

53
Q

How much bile does the liver excrete each day?

A

500-1000mL

54
Q

What is the formal name for sperm cells?

A

Spermatoza

55
Q

What accessory glands provide secretions for sperm?

A

Seminal vesicles
prostate gland
bulbourethral glands

56
Q

What are the two main functions of the ovaries?

A

The production of specialized hormones, such as estrogen and progesterone
Ovulation

57
Q

How long is the average menstrual cycle?

A

28 days

58
Q

What are days 1-4 of the menstrual cycle called?

A

The menstrual cycle

59
Q

What are days 5-13 of the menstrual cycle called?

A

Follicular phase / Proliferative phase

60
Q

What is day 14 of the menstrual cycle called?

A

Ovulation

61
Q

What is day 15-26 of the menstrual cycle called?

A

Luteal phase / secretory phase

62
Q

What is days 27-28 of the menstrual cycle called?

A

Ischemic phase

63
Q

What is Eumenorrhea?

A

A normal. regular menstruation.

64
Q

What two sex hormones play a role in the control of the menstrual cycle?

A

Estradiol and progesterone

65
Q

What is hypermenorrhea?

A

Sudden heavy flows during menstruation

66
Q

What is hypermenorrhea?

A

Bleeding very little during the period

67
Q

What is metrorrhagia?

A

Prolonged bleeding during the period

68
Q

What is Amenorrhea?

A

Prolonged absence of the period during reproductive years.

69
Q

What are the two main versions of the pill?

A

Monophasic

Triphasic

FINAL FINAL (10 decks)

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