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BOARDS!! > pharmacology based on question responses > Flashcards

pharmacology based on question responses Flashcards

1
Q

heparin acts by…

A

accelerating the activity of antithrombin III which inactivates thrombin

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2
Q

does heparin lyse existing clots or just prevent others from forming

A

it doesn’t lyse existing clots

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3
Q

if there is bleeding caused by heparin, what can you do to stop it?

A

take protamine sulfate, a postively charged basic protein that inactivates the negatively charged heparin by forming a salt compound.

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4
Q

what does protamine sulfate do and what are side effects of protamine sulfate?

A
  1. inactivates heparin if there’s ever a bleed

side effects: hypotension, pulmonary edema and anaphylaxis

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5
Q

aminacaproic acid blocks…

A

plasminogen activation and is therefore used to treat bleeding disorders induced by fibrinolytic agents

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6
Q

what’s Enaxaparin?

A

a low molecular weight heparin that potentiates antithromib III– it can cause bleeding and thrombocytopenia like heparin

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7
Q

what does urokinase do?

A

it’s a fibrinolytic drug that converts plasminogen to plasmin —> degrades the fibrin clot

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8
Q

Fentanyl

A

an opiod analgesic used along with other benzos such as midazolam during general anesthesia– (analgesia and resp. depression so you can easily respirate a pt)

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9
Q

naloxone

A

an opioid antagonist– can be given after an opioid (like fentanyl) post-operatively to counteract respiratory depression so that pt can be axtubabted. BUT it also wears off the analgesic effect of opioids

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10
Q

midazolam- what type of drug? what does it do? what can it be reversed by?

A

a benzodiazapene- IV aneshetics -a good amnesic; causes respiratory depression. Can be used as anesthesia
- can be reversed with flumazenil

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11
Q

Flumazenil

A

a benzodiazapine antagonist– stops resp. depression brought on by benzos post-operatively

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12
Q

Buprenorphine

A

partial agonist at mu receptors. It can cause some respiratory depression.

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13
Q

A partial opioid agonist (like Buprenorphine) added to a full agonist (like fentanyl) will…

A

decrease the effects of the full agonist (but not as much as a full antagonist (like naloxone))

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14
Q

naloxone and flumazenil

A

antidotes used to counteract the effects of opioids and benzos respectively

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15
Q

2 examples of barbituates

A

thiopental, methohexital

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16
Q

thiopental and methohexital are what drug type? what are their unique properties?

A

Barbituates.- IV anesthetics
Redistribution from brain terminates effects, but hepatic metab. is required for elimination; used mainly for induction or short term procedures; hyperalgesic; decreases respiration, cardiac function and cerebral blood flow

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17
Q

ketamine- what type of drug? unique properties?

A

dissociative drug - IV anesthetic-
-pt remains conscious but has amnesia, catatonia, and analgesia; related to phencyclidine (PCP)- causes emergence reactions (hallucinations, excitation, disorientation); CV stimulant

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18
Q

Fentanyl, alfentanil, remifentanil, morphine- what type of drugs? unique properties?

A

opioids - IV anesthetics

chest wall rigidity, resp depression (can rev. naloxone); neuroleptanesthia; fentanyl + droperidol + nitrous oxide

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19
Q

Propofol- what is it? unique properties?

A

IV anesthetic

rapid induction, antiemetic

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20
Q

etomidate- what is it? unique properties?

A

IV anesthetic, rapid induction; minimal CV or resp effects; pain and myoclonus on injection; nausea

21
Q

amitriptyline, nortriptyline, desipramine and doxepin are all what type of drug?

A

tricyclic antidepressents

22
Q

tricyclic antidepressents (such as amitriptyline, nortriptyline, desipramine and doxepin) posses what 3 primary pharm actions?

A

1) inhibit biogenic amine reuptake at presynaptic neuron (serotonin and NE)
2) induce sedation
3) anticholinergic

23
Q

the antidepressant effects of tricyclic antidepressents (such as amitriptyline, nortriptyline, desipramine and doxepin) stem from

A

inhibiting biogenic amine reuptake at presynaptic neuron (serotonin and NE)

24
Q

tricyclic antidepressants are indicated for the txt of…

A

clinical depression with or without anxiety and/or sleep disturbances

25
Q

agonists of dopamine receptors is used in which disease?

A

parkinsons

26
Q

how do amphetamines act?

A

by increasing the release of NE from central noradrenergic neurons and promoting the release of dopamine

27
Q

amphetamines are indicated for the txt of…

A

narcolepsy, ADD, ADHD and exogenous obesity

28
Q

benzos like lorazepam, alprazolam, and diazepam potentiate the effects of…

A

GABA (gamma-aminobutyrate)—> antianxiety effect

29
Q

is chloroprocaine an ester or an amide local anesthetic?

A

ester

30
Q

is benzocaine an ester or an amide local anesthetic?

A

ester

31
Q

is mepivacaine an ester or an amide local anesthetic?

A

amide

32
Q

is tetracaine an ester or an amide anesthetic?

A

ester

33
Q

is lidocaine an ester or an amide anesthetic?

A

amide

34
Q

is bupivacaine an ester or an amide anesthetic?

A

amide

35
Q

is etidocaine an ester or an amide anesthetic?

A

amide

36
Q

is prilocaine an ester or an amide anesthetic?

A

amide

37
Q

is ropivacaine an ester or an amide anesthetic?

A

amide

38
Q

what is the easy way to determine an amide vs an ester local anesthetic?

A

amides have 2 “i’s” in there names (ie lidocaine, buivacaine, etidocaine… etc), esters have one or none! (chloroprocaine, tetracaine, etc.)

39
Q

if you are allergic to one ester local anesthetic what should you do?

A

switch to amide local anesthetic bc you’re probably allergic to all ester anesthetics– the other class of local anesthesia, and vice versa!

40
Q

alcohol withdrawals are characterized by

A

anxiety, tremor, insomnia, seizures, arrhythmias, nausea/vomiting, diarrhea, delirium tremens (acute delirium with confusion, disorientation, and agitation)

41
Q

anxiety, tremor, insomnia, seizures, arrhythmias, nausea/vomiting, diarrhea, delirium tremens (acute delirium with confusion, disorientation, and agitation) is characteristic of withdrawals from what substance?

A

ETOH

42
Q

hallucinations, agitation and tremor point to withdrawal from

A

ETOH

43
Q

treatment of ETOH withdrawal

A

thiamine, sedative-hypnotics (benzos) with gradual tapering, clonidine and propranolol to correct the hyperadrenergic state

44
Q

past lsd use can lead to

A

flashback visual hallucinations

45
Q

chronic etoh use that leads to disorientation, walking unsteadily, inability to adduct the rt eye or abduct the left eye (opthalmaplegia), confabulation is a result of what disorder?

A

wernicke-korsakoff syndrome

46
Q

wernicke-korsakoff syndrome, caused by chronic etoh use, is caused by what deficiency?

A

thiamine (vitamin B1)

47
Q

dry beriberi

A

thiamine deficiency that damages peripheral nerves (wernicke-korasakoff syndrome - from chronic etoh)

48
Q

wet beriberi

A

heart damage from thiamine deficiency (wernicke-korsakoff syndrome from chronic etoh)

49
Q

as a result of thiamine deficiency, what enzyme stops working?

A

Pyruvate dehydrogenase- a mito enz that catalyzes conversion of pyruvate —> acetyl Co-A.

BOARDS!! (23 decks)

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