Neuro- first aid

Question 1

there are 3 layers of embryonic tissue (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm) by what week of gestation?

Answer 1

3

Question 2

gastrulation

Answer 2

process of forming three layers of embryonic tissue (ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm)

Question 3

meningocele- what? clinical manifestations?

Answer 3

spina bifida (neural tube defect) that leads to herniation of meninges from the vertebral arches

clinical manifestation: dura and arachnoid protrusion —> lumbrosacral cyst

Question 4

meningomyelocele- what? clinical manifestations?

Answer 4

spina bifida (neural tube defect) that leads to herniation of meninges + spinal cord

clinical manifesttion: herniated lumbral sac, and depending on location, paralysis/loss of deep tendon reflexes and sensation in lower extremities. incontinence.

Question 5

meningomyelocele is associated with which disease?

Answer 5

Type II arnold-chiari

Question 6

Meningoencephalocele- what? clinical manifestations?

Answer 6

spina bifida (neural tube defect) that leads to herniation of meninges and brain.

Clinical: mental retardation

Question 7

Meningohydrocephalocele- what? clinical manifestations

Answer 7

herniation of meninges, brain and CSF-containing ventricles

clinical: mental retardation

Question 8

“myelo”

Answer 8

neurons/cord

Question 9

“encephalo”

Answer 9

brain

Question 10

“hydro”

Answer 10

CSF

Question 11

remnants of the primitive streak can become…

Answer 11

sacroccygeal teratomas

Question 12

the primitive streak is…

Answer 12

the line where the epiblast folds inward during gastrulation (at 3 weeks) to form the ectoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm

Question 13

the open neural tube starts closing where?

Answer 13

centrally —> then moves caudally and rostrally (ie failure to close = no brain or spina bifida

Question 14

what does the notochord become in an adult?

Answer 14

the nucleus pulposus which lies within the vertebral column in the adult

Question 15

what is the nucleus pulposas and what happens if it herniated through the annulus fibrosus?

Answer 15

it is what the notochord becomes in an adult and if it herniates through the annulus fibrosis it might result in spinal root impingement and pain

Question 16

AFP

Answer 16

alpha-fetoprotein: a protein that is elevated in maternal serum/amniotic fluid if there are neural tube defects

Question 17

Neural Crest Derivatives Mnemonic:

ACE PreSChOOL + extras

Answer 17

Aortic arch/aorticopulmonary septum
Connective/skeletal tissue of pharyngeal arches
Enterochromaffin cells of intestines

Parafollicular cells (calcitonin), c-cells
Schwann cells/Peripheral nervous system
CHromaddin cells of adrenal medulla
Odontoblasts
melanOcytes
Leptomeninges

also: tissue of sclera/cornea and ciliary muscle

Question 18

Leptomeninges

Answer 18

(“thin” meninges) = pia + arachnoid!

Question 19

dorsal Alar plate

Answer 19

gives rise to sensory neurons (lateral) in the brain stem and spinal cord

Question 20

ventral basal plate

Answer 20

gives rise to the motor neurons (medial) in the brain stem and spinal cord

Question 21

sulcus limitans

Answer 21

separates the dorsal alar plate and the ventral basal plate (which give rise to the sensory and motor neurons respectively) in the brain stem and spinal cord

Question 22

4 most common disorders from neural crest cell migration and their neural crest derivatives

Answer 22

1. Great vessel deformity (aortic arch/aorticopulmonary septum)
2. DiGeorge syndrome (Pharyngeal pouches 3 and 4)
3. Hirschsprung disease, achalasia (Enterochromaffin cells)
   4) albinism (melanocytes)

Question 23

3 primary vesicles of the brain (as of 6 weeks)

Answer 23

forebrain (prosencephalon)
midbrain (mesencephalon)
hindbrain (rhombencephalon)

Question 24

5 secondary vesicles of the brain and the primary vesicle it’s derived from…

Answer 24

telencephalon (from prosencephalon)
diencephalon (from prosencephalon)
mesencephalon (from mesencephalon)
metencephalon (from rhombencephalon)
myelencephalon (derived from rhombencephalon)

Question 25

during dvpmt of the brain, telencephalon becomes the

Answer 25

cerebral hemishpheres and lateral ventricles

Question 26

during dvpmt of the brain, diencephalon becomes the

Answer 26

thalamus and 3rd ventricle

Question 27

during dvpmt of the brain, mesencephalon becomes the

Answer 27

midbrain and aquaduct

Question 28

during dvpmt of the brain, metencephalon becomes the

Answer 28

pons, cerebellum and upper part of the 4th ventricle

Question 29

during dvpmt of the brain, myelencephalon becomes the

Answer 29

medulla and lower part of the 4th ventricle

Question 30

difference btwn Arnold-chiari I and II

Answer 30

I: herniation of cerebellar tonsils only
II: breaking of tectal plate, aquaduct stenosis, herniation and unrolling of vermis into vertebral canal, and stretching of cranial nerves (CN IX, X, and XI). May present with syringomyelia in C8-T1 and lumbar meningomyelocele

Question 31

gyrus

Answer 31

outpouching/fold of the brain

Question 32

sulcus

Answer 32

groove btwn gyri

Question 33

cortex

Answer 33

layers of gray matter that overlie deeper white matter of brain

Question 34

sylvian fissure

Answer 34

oblique groove that divides temporal from the parietal and frontal lobes

Question 35

central sulcus

Answer 35

major sulcus that runs coronally- divides frontal and parietal lobe

Question 36

nuclei

Answer 36

collection of neuron cell bodies (as opposed to axons) in the CNS, usually sharing a common function

Question 37

most vascular of the meninges?

Answer 37

the pia mater!- highly vascular

Question 38

where are bridging veins located?

Answer 38

they traverse the arachnoid into the dura (drain into the superior sagital sinus)

Question 39

the epidural space in the spinal cord contains:

Answer 39

fatty areolar tissue, lymphatics and venous plexuses