major areas of the brain and lesions/disorders

Question 1

What are 5 signs of Gertsmann syndrome?

Answer 1

1. Rt-Lft confusion
2. finger agnosia– you don’t know if you’rel ooking at your fingers or someone elses
3. agraphia
4. alexia
5. acalculia

Question 2

1. Rt-Lft confusion
2. finger agnosia– you don’t know if you’re looking at your fingers or someone else’s
3. agraphia (can’t write) and alexia (can’t read)
4. acalculia

are signs of what syndrome? a lesion where causes this?

Answer 2

Gertsmann syndrome

lesion in the inferior parietal lobe of the dominant hemisphere

Question 3

the difference between dyslexia and alexia

Answer 3

both = inability to read, but
dyslexia = congenital
alexia = acquired

Question 4

what’s apraxia?

Answer 4

inability to carry out learned movements (combing hair, brushing teeth)

Question 5

lesions where cause apraxia (inability to carry out learned movements)

Answer 5

lesion of dominant parietal lobe

Question 6

Balint syndrome

Answer 6

a type of visual agnosia- pt is unable to scan visual space and to grasp an object in space

Question 7

hemispatial neglect is due to a lesion where?

Answer 7

in inferior parietal lobe on non-dominant side (broca’s area of non-dominant side)—> generally on the rt side —> generally leads to left-sided neglect!

Question 8

a lesion in the occipital lobe to the visual association cortex causes…

Answer 8

1. visual agnosia: inability to recognize what things are!
2. alexia without agraphia (can’t read because can’t understand what things are that they’re seeing, but can write down a thought)

Question 9

temporal lobe has structures vital for what three things?

Answer 9

hearing, memory and emotion

Question 10

what blood vessel feeds the occipital lobe?

Answer 10

PCA

Question 11

where is the primary auditory cortex located

Answer 11

superior gyrus of the temporal lobe and transverse temporal gyrus (Heschl gyrus)

Question 12

What is Kluver-bucy syndrome caused by and what are the 5 main symptoms?

Answer 12

caused by a lesion in the amygdala (limbic system)

symp:

1. psychic blindness (visual agnosia)
2. personality changes
3. hyperorality (puts everything in one’s mouth)
4. hypersexuality and loss of sexual preference (mounts anything in sight)
5. ablation of fear response

Question 13

the following 5 symptoms are representative of what syndrome, caused by a lesion where?

1. psychic blindness (visual agnosia)
2. personality changes
3. hyperorality (puts everything in one’s mouth)
4. hypersexuality and loss of sexual preference (mounts anything in sight)
5. ablation of fear response

Answer 13

Kluver Bucy syndrome– lesion in the amygdala

Question 14

In Broca’s aphasia (lesion to left (dominant) frontal lobe), are you:

1. fluent?
2. able to comprehend?
3. able to repeat?
4. able to write?

Answer 14

1. fluent- NO
2. able to comprehend- YES
3. able to repeat- NO
4. able to write- NO

Question 15

In Wernicke’s Aphasia (lesion to left (dominant) superior temporal lobe) are you:

1. fluent?
2. able to comprehend?
3. able to repeat?
4. Do you make sense to other people?

Answer 15

1. fluent- YES
2. able to comprehend- NO
3. able to repeat- NO
4. Do you make sense to other people- NO

Question 16

In Conduction Aphasia, are you:

1. fluent?
2. able to comprehend?
3. able to repeat?

Answer 16

1. fluent- YES
2. able to comprehend- YES
3. able to repeat- NO

Question 17

In Mixed transcortical aphasia, are you:

1. fluent?
2. able to comprehend?
3. able to repeat?

Answer 17

1. fluent- NO
2. able to comprehend- NO
3. able to repeat- YES

Question 18

in transcortical motor aphasia (area surrounding broca’s area) are you:

1. fluent?
2. able to comprehend?
3. able to repeat?

Answer 18

1. fluent- NO
2. able to comprehend- YES
3. able to repeat- YES

Question 19

in transcortical sensory aphasia (area around wernicke’s area) are you:

1. fluent?
2. able to comprehend?
3. able to repeat?

Answer 19

1. fluent- YES
2. able to comprehend- NO
3. able to repeat- YES

Question 20

Parinaud syndrome: caused by a lesion where? what are the 3 main symp?

Answer 20

• lesion of dorsal tectum/ superior colliculus in midbrain (often caused by pineal gland tumor)

1. paralysis of upward gaze
2. cerebral aquaduct obstruction—> non comm hydrocephalus
3. If caused by pineal gland tumor: decreased melatonin —> insomnia

**sometimes pupillary disturbances and probs with convergence are seen

Question 21

these are symptoms of what? where?

1. paralysis of upward gaze
2. cerebral aquaduct obstruction—> non comm hydrocephalus
3. If caused by pineal gland tumor: decreased melatonin —> insomnia

Answer 21

parinaud syndrome– - lesion of dorsal tectum/ superior colliculus in midbrain (often caused by pineal gland tumor)

Question 22

Benedikt syndrome: where is the lesion? what 3 symp?

Answer 22

lesion of the tegmentum of the midbrain:

1. CN III = out: ptosis (no levator palpebrae), dilated ipsilat pupil, ipsilat occ. motor paralysis— > eye = down and out bc unopposed lat. rectus and sup oblique muscle
2. contralat. cerebellar ataxia/intention tremor (bc dentatothalamic fibers)
3. contralat loss of light touch and position sensation of extrem (medial lemniscus)

Question 23

What is the disorder and where is the lesion?

1. CN III = out: ptosis (no levator palpebrae), dilated ipsilat pupil, ipsilat occ. motor paralysis— > eye = down and out bc unopposed lat. rectus and sup oblique muscle
2. contralat. cerebellar ataxia/intention tremor (bc dentatothalamic fibers from red nucleus)
3. contralat loss of light touch and position sensation of extrem. (medial lemniscus)

Answer 23

Benedikt syndrome, lesion of the tegmentum of the midbrain

Question 24

where is the lesion in Weber Syndrome? What are the 3 symptoms?

Answer 24

lesion of base of midbrain

1. CN III nucleus/root = out: = out: ptosis (no levator palpebrae), dilated ipsilat pupil, ipsilat occ. motor paralysis— > eye = down and out bc unopposed lat. rectus and sup oblique muscle
2. contralat spastic paralysis of extrem (corticospinal tracts coming through cerebral peduncles)
3. contralat weakness of lower face (CN 7), tongue (CN 12) and palate (CN 10) (uvula points away from the lesion, tongue points twd lesion) (corticobulbar fibers coming from cortex into cerebellar peduncle)

Question 25

this is what syndrome, caused by injury where?

1. CN III nucleus/root = out: = out: ptosis (no levator palpebrae), dilated ipsilat pupil, ipsilat occ. motor paralysis— > eye = down and out bc unopposed lat. rectus and sup oblique muscle
2. contralat spastic paralysis of extrem (corticospinal tracts coming through cerebral peduncles)
3. contralat weakness of lower face (CN 7), tongue (CN 12) and palate (CN 10) (uvula points away from the lesion, tongue points twd lesion) (corticobulbar fibers coming from cortex into cerebellar peduncle)

Answer 25

Weber syndrom: lesion of base of midbrain

Question 26

Charcot triad of MS

Answer 26

1. scanning speech
2. intention tremor
3. nystagmus/MLF syndrome (internuclear ophthalmoplegia)

Question 27

injury to medial lemniscus pathway in the pons causes:

Answer 27

loss of contralateral light touch and prop. sensation

Question 28

injury to the corticospinal tract in the pons causes

Answer 28

contralat. hemiparesis

Question 29

medial medullary syndrome is caused by occlusion of which arteries?

Answer 29

Vertebral Art or Basilary Art

Question 30

3 tracts/deficits in medial medullary syndrome (occlusion of Vert. Art or Basillary Art?

Answer 30

1. corticospinal tract: contralat spastic hemiparesis
2. medial lemniscus: contralat loss of tactile/vibrational and prop. from trunk/extrem
3. CN XII nucleus fibers: ipsilat flaccid hemiparalysis of the tongue (points to side of the lesion)