Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Year 1 MBChB Cardiology > Pharmacology > Flashcards

Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

HCN/funny current blocker and what disease it is used for?

A

Ivabradine

Used for angina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Name a beta 1 agonist used sometimes in heart failure?

A

Dobutamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Propranolol is a …. and atenolol and bisoprolol are ….?

A

Non-selective beta antagonist and selective beta 1 antagonist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Give some adverse effects of beta blockers?

A

Worsen asthma
Worsen heart failure (at high doses)
Cold extremities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Which class of drug is atropine + main use?

A

Muscarinic antagonist + bradycardia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Digoxin mechanism?

A

Blocks the Na/K ATPase which increases intraceullar Na which blocks Na/Ca exchange
Increased Ca causes increased contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Digoxin is toxic when used in people with…. and can also induce ….?

A

Hypokalaemia and arrhythmias

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does Levosimendan (used in heart failure) do?

A

Binds to troponin C to increase its affinity for Ca

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What do nitrates combine with to liberate NO + what molecule do they activate to produce cGMP?

A

SH groups + guanyl cyclase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Give an example of a short-acting and long-acting nitrate + 2 main side effects?

A

GTN and isosorbide mononitrate + headache and hypotension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

ACEi name ending + 2 CIs + 2 side effects?

A

Pril + renal artery stenosis and pregnancy + cough and hyperkalaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

ARB name ending + 2 CIs + side effect?

A

Artan + renal artery stenosis and pregnancy + hyperkalaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

CCBs are selective for which type of calcium channel?

A

L-type channels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

CCB (dihydropyridines) name ending + 2 key side effects?

A

Pine + periperipheral oedema and flushes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Name a K+ channel agonist + what disease is it used for?

A

Nicorandil + angina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Name an alpha 1 blocker + key side effect?

A

Doxazosin + postural hypotension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Give an example of a thiazide, loop and potassium sparing diuretic?

A

Bendrofluazide, furosemide, spironolactone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

3 side effects of thiazide and loop diuretics?

A

Hypokalaemia, hyperglycaemia and gout (increased uric acid)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

2 side effects of spironolactone?

A

Gynecomastia (breast swelling) and hyperkalaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Name 2 oral antiplatelets + their mechanism + key side effect?

A

Aspirin (blocks COX)

Clopidogrel (blocks P2Y12) + GI bleeds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Warfarin route + mechanism + side effect + CI?

A

Oral + inhibits vitamin K + haemorrhage + pregnancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Heparin route + mechanism (+ exception) + CI?

A

IV/SC + increases AT III affinity for serine proteases IIa and Xa (LMWH only blocks Xa) + renal disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Fibrinolytic route + mechanism + examples?

A

IV + activates plasmin which breaks down fibrin + strptokinase, duteplase and alteplase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What makes up the hydrophobic core of a lipoprotein?

A

Cholsterol esters

Triglycerides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Key molecule on the surface of lipoproteins?
Apoproteins
26
What apo does VLDL contain?
apoB100
27
What apo do chylomicrons contain?
apoB48
28
Place of formation + role of chylomicrons and VLDL?
Chylomicrons made in enterocytes and transport dietary triglycerides + VLDL made in the liver and transport liver triglycerides
29
Chylomicron to remnant summary?
MTP lipidates apoB48 to allow more triglycerides to enter ApoA1 allows chylomicron to leave ApoCII from HDL allows LPL to bind and break down triglycerides
30
How cholesterol esters + triglycerides are formed?
Esterification of cholsterol and monoglyceride + fatty acid
31
Lipoproteins travel by the lymphatics then venous system. True or False?
True
32
What are chylomicron and VLDL remnants?
Particles with no triglycerides but still containing cholesterol ester
33
ApoCII is returned to HDL in exchange for which apoprotein? How does this facilitate clearance of apoB lipoprotein + key enzyme in the liver?
ApoCII is returned to HDL in exchange for apoE | High affinity ligand for receptor-mediated clearance + heapatic lipase
34
What percent of apoB48 and apoB100 chylomicrons are removed by receptor mediated clearance?
100% of apoB48 | Only 50% of apoB100
35
What happens to the remaining apoB100 remnants?
Become enriched in cholesterol esters and become LDL via IDL
36
Which receptor is vital for LDL clearance + where is it?
LDL receptor in liver
37
LDL clearance summary?
LDL undergoes hydrolysis and releases cholesterol
38
Normal 2 effects of HMG-CoA reductase?
Increase cholesterol synthesis and decrease LDL liver receptors
39
LDL role in athersclerosis?
Macrophages oxidise it to OXLDL to form foam cells
40
Athersclerosis summary?
Damaged endothelial express ICAM and VCAM Macrophage and T lymphs migrate into cell wall Macrophage oxidises LDL to OXLDL to form foam cell/plaque Smooth muscle cells accumulate and cause hypertrophy
41
3 drugs to lower cholesterol?
Statins, fibrates and PCSK 9 inhibitors
42
How do statins work + 2 side effects + better taken at what time?
Inhibit HMG CoA reducatase + rhabdomylosis and myalgia + at night
43
Drug for hypertriglyceridaemia + mechanism?
Fibrates + lower VLDL production in the liver
44
Drug for familial hypercholesterolaemia + mechanism + example?
PCSK 9 inhibitor + blocks PCSK 9 from binding LDL receptors so more are available + alirocumab
45
What are the 3 components of Virchow's triad?
Hypercoaguability, venous stasis and endothelial dysfunction
46
Colour + treatment for venous and arterial thrombus and which is more common?
Venous is red and treated with anticoagulants (more common) | Arterial is white and treated with antiplatelets
47
Soft clots are coated with ... and hard clots are coated with ...?
Fibrinogen and fibrin
48
Soft clot formation summary?
``` Damaged site exposes collagen Platelets bind and form TXA2 via COX TXA2 causes ADP serotonin/5-HT release 5-HT causes vasoconstiction ADP binds P2Y12 to activate more platelets TXA2 and GP receptors bind fibrinogen ```
49
Hard clot formation?
VII (tenase) converts X to Xa (prothrombinase) Xa converts II (prothrombin) to X (thrombin) Thrombin converts fibrinogen to firbrin
50
Name the 4 inactive precursors of the main clotting factors involved in coagulation that are blocked by warfarin?
II, VII, IX, X
51
Inactive precursors are ... and have to undergo .... to form ...?
Glycoproteins and gamma-carboxylation and serine proteases
52
What does the enzyme which carries out gamma-carboxylation of clotting factor precursors require?
``` Vitamin K (in its reduced, hydroquinone form) ```
53
What are the two forms of Vitamin K that exist?
K1 from diet | K2 from bacteria in intestine
54
Where are clotting factors released from?
The liver
55
How might a warfarin overdose be treated?
Vitamin K/clotting factor infusion
56
What does Antithrombin III (ATIII) do?
Inhibits serine proteases (IIa and Xa)
57
Give 2 examples of LMWHs?
Enoxaparin | Dalteparin
58
Dabigatran route + mechanism?
Oral + blocks thrombin
59
Rivaroxiban route + mechanism?
Oral + blocks Xa
60
Which enzyme aids platelet synthesis of TXA2?
COX
61
Tirofiban route + mechanism?
IV + blocks GPIIb/IIIa receptors
62
Class I anti arrhythmic examples + mechanism + phase they affect?
Lignocaine, lidocaine, quinidine, flecainide, propafenone + block Na channels + phase 0
63
Class 2 anti arrhythmic examples + mechanism + phase they affect?
Propanolol + beta blocker + phase 4
64
Class 3 anti arrhythmic examples + mechanism + phase they affect?
Amiodarone and sotalol + blocks K channels + phase 3
65
Class 4 anti arrhythmic examples + mechanism + phase they affect?
Verapamil and diltiazem + blocks Ca channel + phase 2
66
Adenosine mechanism?
Blocks AVN
67
Magnesium sulphate mechanism + used in?
Blocks Ca and Na channels + Torsades des Pointes
68
Ivabradine mechanism + used in?
Blocks the funny current (HCN channel) + angina
69
Atropine mechanism + used in?
Decreases vagal innervation on SAN + bradycardia
70
Thiazide vs loop diuretics vs spironolactone block what transporter + where?
``` Thiazide = Na/Cl in the distal tubule Loop = Na/K/Cl in the ascending Loop of Henle Spironolactone = Na ENaC channel in the nephron ```

Year 1 MBChB Cardiology (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions