Heart Failure

Question 1

What are the 3 main causes of left sided heart failure?

Answer 1

Ischaemic heart disease
Cardiomyopathies
Valvular disease

Question 2

What are the 2 main causes of right sided heart failure?

Answer 2

Secondary to left heart failure

Cor pulmonale

Question 3

What are the main symptoms of left heart failure?

Answer 3

Dyspnoea
Orthopnoea
PND
Pink, frothy sputum (pulmonary oedema)

Question 4

What are the main symptoms and signs of right heart failure?

Answer 4

Ankle swelling
Raised JVP (v wave)
Tricuspid regurgitation
Hepatomegaly

Question 5

What are the 4 main drugs used for chronic heart failure?

Answer 5

ACEi/ARB
Beta blockers
Furosemide
Spironolactone

Question 6

How might hypokalaemia be corrected in heart failure treatment?

Answer 6

Use ACEi/spironolactone - these cause hyperkalaemia

Question 7

How is ejection fraction defined?

Answer 7

Percentage of EDV ejected during systole

Question 8

EF < 40% + > 40 % is called?

Answer 8

HFrEF + HFpEF

Question 9

Name tests to do in heart failure?

Answer 9

Echo
ECG
BNP
CXR

Question 10

Drug that reduces mortality in heart failure?

Answer 10

ACEi

Question 11

Treatment of acute heart failure?

Answer 11

Sit up, oxygen, anticoagulate, morphine, furosemide and nitrates

Question 12

Analgesia given with morphine?

Answer 12

Metaclopramide

Question 13

Treatment for worsening LVF?

Answer 13

CRT, revascularsation, ICD or transplant

Question 14

What does the ABCDE findings stand for on a CXR?

Answer 14

Alveolar batwings, Kerley B lines, Cardiomegaly, Dilated vessels and pleural Effusion

Question 15

Normal JVP distance from the sternal angle?

Answer 15

< 3 cm