Pharmacology Flashcards
Which type of diuretic can be useful in preventing the formation of calcium stones by causing increased Ca2+ reabsorption?
Thiazides —> decrease urine Ca2+ excretion
Which drug can be used to decrease the risk of uric acid kidney stones?
Acetazolamide
The SERM, Tamoxifen, is a prodrug used in breast cancer treatment that metabolized by what CYP and to what active metabolite?
CYP2D —> active metabolite, endoxifen
Which 3 drugs can be used for venous thromboembolism and atrial fibrillation in pt’s with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia?
- Bivalirudin
- Argatroban
- Dabigatran
*Direct thrombin inhibitors; used when heparin is BAD for the pt
What is the MOA of cyclosporine?
Binds cyclophilin in lymphocytes and inhibits calcineurin –> ↓ IL-2
What is the MOA of Tacrolimus?
Binds FK506-binding protein and Inhibits IL-2 through a calcineurin-dependent mechanism
What are the most common mechanisms of aminoglycoside resistance?
Antibiotic-modifying enzymes adding chemical groups i.e., acetyl ,adenyl, phosphate
What is the MOA and use for Flutamide?
- Nonsteroid anti-androgen that competitively inhibits testosterone receptors
- Used in tx of prostate cancer –> improves sx’s of bone pain and urinary obstruction
List the 4 preferred agents used for bipolar maintenance tx?
- Lithium
- Anticonvulsants: Valproate and Lamotrigine
- Quetiapine (2nd gen. antipsychotic)
List 5 medication classes which prolong the QT and can induce torsades.
- Macrolides
- Fluoroquinolones
- Anti-psychotics: haloperidol and risperidone
- Antiemetics: ondansetron and metoclopramide
- Azoles
What is phenylephrine and what is its effect on peripheral vascular resistance, systolic BP, pulse pressure, and HR?
- Selective alpha-1 AR agonist
- ↑ PVR and ↑ systolic BP
- ↓ pulse pressure and ↓ HR
What is the most frequently used agent for the chemoprophylaxis of meningococcal disease?
Rifampin
Which 3 classes of drugs act on the ciliary epithelium to decrease aqueous humor secretion and can be used for glaucoma?
- Non-selective beta-blockers: Timolol
- Alpha-2 AR agonists
- Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: Acetazolamide
What is the MOA of administering Amyl Nitrite to pt with Cyanide poisoning?
- Oxidizes Fe2+ –> Fe3+ generating methemoglobin
- Methemoglobin has a high affinity for cyanide, freeing it from cytochrome oxidase and limiting its toxic effects
What are 2 monoclonal antibodies against PD-1 and which is against PD-L1?
- Pembrolizumab and Nivolumab are against PD-1
- Atezolizumab is against PD-L1
*Used for advanced melanoma, some lung cancer, and RCC
How can mycobacteria develop resistance to both isoniazid and ethambutol?
- Isoniazid: decreased activity of bacterial catalase-peroxidase
- Ethambutol: increased activity of enzymes involved in cell wall polysaccharide synthesis
Digoxin slows ventricular rate during AF primarily by causing what?
- Increased parasympathetic tone –> inhibition of the AV nodal conduction
- Used in HF due to positive inotropic effect; accomplished through inhibition of Na/K-ATPase pump
What is the MOA of the stimulant drugs (methylphenidate and amphetamines) used to treat ADHD?
Blocking NE and dopamine re-uptake at synapses in the prefrontal cortex
Clozapine is a 2nd-gen. antipsychotic that is used for what?
Treatment-_refractory_ Schizophrenia