Neuro Flashcards
Prosopagnosia (inability to recognize faces) is most often caused by a lesions where; which artery is involved?
- Right inferior temporal lobe, specifically the fusiform gyrus
- Posterior Cerebral Artery
A decrease in which NT is associated with a reduction in REM sleep, total sleep time, and delta sleep?
↓ Acetylcholine
Which 2 NT’s promote arousal and wakefulness?
Dopamine and Norepinephrine
How is Trisomy 18 (Edward syndrome) distinguished from Trisomy 13 (Patau syndrome)?
- Both share the rocker-bottom feet, congenital heart defects,andsevere intellectual disability
- Trisomy 18 is distinguished by micrognhtahia (small jaw), low-set ears, and clenched fists w/ overlapping digits
What are the 4 primary symptoms of Gerstmann syndrome?
- Agraphia: inability to write
- Acalculia: inability to calculate
- Finger agnosia: inability to identify fingers
- Left-right disorientation
Which paired brainstem nucleus is located in the posterior rostral pons near the lateral floor of the 4th ventricle and what NT does it secrete?
Locus ceruleus —> NE
Most of the external auditory canal, including the external portion of the tympanic membrane is innervated by which nerve?
Mandibular division of trigeminal nerve (CN V3) via auriculotemporal branch
Leptin acts in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus to inhibit and stimulate what?
- Inhibit production of neuropeptide Y –> decreasing appetite
- Stimulate producting of alpha-MSH –> increasing satiety
Where do the ventral posterior lateral (VPL) and ventral posterior medial (VPM) nuclei of the thalamus receive input from?
- VPL receives input from spinothalamic tract and dorsal columns
- VPM receives input from the trigeminal pathway
What is believed to be the primary cause of lacunar infarcts?
Lipohyalinosis and Microatheromas
Expanding space occupying lesions within the temporal lobe can cause elevated ICP with transtentorial herniation of the uncus causing compression of what structure and producing what sx?
Ipsilateral CN III —> oculomotor palsy w/ fixed dilated pupil
Patients with medically intractable sx’s of Parkinson disease may benefit from high-frequency deep brain stimulation of which structures in the basal ganglia?
Globus pallidus internus or Subthalamic nucleus
High frequency stimulation of which thalamic nucleus may reduce thalamic excitation and lessen excessive movements in pt’s with medically intractable essential tremor?
Ventral intermediate nucelus
Fractures to the orbital floor can result in damage to which nerve with what sx’s?
- Infraorbital n. = continuation of maxillary n. (V2)
- Numbness and paresthesia of upper cheek, upper lip, and upper gingiva
Aneurysms leading to CN III palsy most often involve which artery?
Posterior Communicating A. (PCA) - Medial Midbrain
Pt’s with an internal capsule stroke commonly present how?
- Pure motor weakness affecting the contralateral arm, leg, and lower face
- Contralateral spasticity or increased tone, hyperreflexia, and a (+) Babinkski sign are also present
- “Clasp-knife” spasticity
What sx’s occur do to damage of the external vs. internal segment of the globus pallidus?
- External: results in decreased motion/movement
- Internal: results in excessive motion/movement
Fractures at the Pterion risk lacerating which artery; where does it branch from?
- Middle Meningeal a. —> enters at foramen spinosum (epidural hematoma)
- Branch of the Maxillary a. (a terminal branch of the external carotid a.)
