Pharmacology Flashcards
MOA of Pilocarpine? (Indication: Glaucoma)
Stimulation of muscarinic cholinergic receptors to increase aqueous humour outflow resulting in ciliary contraction (contraction of the iris), which will increase aqueous humour outflow, miosis, and accommodation.
MOA Latanoprost? (Indication Glaucoma)
Increasing uveoscleral outflow of aqueous humour by activating prostaglandin receptors
MOA: Dorzolamide? (Indication glaucoma)
Reduce the production of aqueous humour by inhibition of carbonic anhydrase
Mechanism of Aspirin?
irreversibly inhibits cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) enzyme which inhibits the production of thromboxane A2
MOA of Ciclosporin and Tacrolimus?
inhibit calcineurin thus decreasing IL-2
MOA Fleclanide?
potent sodium channel blocker (specifically the Nav1.5 sodium channels
MOA of LMWH?
Low-molecular weight heparin activates antithrombin III. Forms a complex that inhibits factor Xa
Digoxin:
MOI?
Indications?
Notable SEs?
inhibition of the Na+/K+ ATPase pump (Slows rate via AV and positive inotropic affect)
Rate control, symptoms in HF (specific indications)
SE = arrythmias, confusion, yellow/green vision, gynaecomastia
INDUCERS of cytochrome P450 (PC BRASS)
Phenytoin, Carbamazepine, Barbiturates, Rifampicin, Alcohol (chronic), Sulphonylurea, Smoking,
Inhibitors of cytochrome P450 (CRACK AMIGOS)
Cimetidine, Ritonavir, Amiodarone, Ciprofloxacilin, Ketoconazole, Acute alcohol use, Macrolides, Isoniazid, Grapefruit juice, Omeprazole, Sulfonamides
MOI Pilocarpine?
Muscuranic Agonist
Pharmacokinetics: what is phase 1 metabolism?
oxidation - Addition of oxygen or removal of hydrogen atom
reduction - Gain of electrons or hydrogen atoms
hydrolysis - add water to a drug molecule resulting in its breakdown to more polarised forms
Pharmacokinetics: what is phase 2 metabolism? (Conjugation)
Products are typically inactive and excreted in urine or bile
What is first past metabolism?
a phenomenon where the concentration of a drug is greatly reduced before it reaches the systemic circulation due to hepatic metabolism. As a consequence much larger doses are need orally than if given by other routes
What is zero order kinetics?
describes metabolism which is independent of the concentration of the reactant. This is due to metabolic pathways becoming saturated resulting in a constant amount of drug being eliminated per unit time
T/F 50% UK population are deficient in Acetylator status which affects metabolism of key drugs?
True
Drugs affected:
isoniazid
procainamide
hydralazine
dapsone
sulfasalazine