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MRCP Revision > Clinical Sciences > Flashcards

Clinical Sciences Flashcards

1
Q

What is the physiology of sepsis driving hypotension?

A

Increased production of IL-1

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2
Q

Mechanism of hypotension in Addison’s?

A

Glucocorticoid deficiency

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3
Q

Mechanism of fever in sepsis?

A

Increased production of IL-6

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4
Q

Type of bias: occurs when two tests for a disease are compared, the new test diagnoses the disease earlier, but there is no effect on the outcome of the disease

A

Lead-time bias

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5
Q

Equation for statistical power in a study?

A

1 - probability of making a type 2 error

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6
Q

Equation for specificity in a study?

A

1- probability of making a type 1 error

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7
Q

Down syndrome (Trisomoy 21).
what are the cytogenic causes?

A

1) Non-disjunction (94%)
2) Robertsonian translocation (usually onto chromosome 14)
3) Mosaicsm

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8
Q

EBV is a risk factor for what cancers?

A

Burkitt’s Lymphoma
Hodgkins Lymphoma
Post transplant Lymphoma
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma

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9
Q

HPV strains 16/18 are a risk factor for what cancers?

A

Cervical cancer
Anal cancer
Penile cancer
Vulval cancer
Oropharyngeal Cancer

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10
Q

Human herpes virus 8 is a risk factor for what cancer?

A

Kaposi’s Sarcoma

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11
Q

Hepatitis B+C virus is a risk factor for what cancers?

A

Hepatocellular Carcinoma

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12
Q

Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 is a risk factor for what cancer?

A

Tropical spastic paraparesis
Adult T cell leukaemia

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13
Q

What diagram will demonstrate publication bias in a meta-analysis?

A

Funnel Plot

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14
Q

What immunoglobulin is the most dominant in breast milk+most commonly produced in human body?

A

IgA

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15
Q

Diabetic nephropathy histological findings

A

Kimmelstiel-Wilson lesions, nodular glomerulosclerosis

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16
Q

Classical presentation of Pellagra?

A

Diarrhoea, Dermatitis and Dementia
(Niacin B3 deficiency)

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17
Q

What deficiency causes angular cheilitis?

A

Riboflavin (B2)

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18
Q

What deficiency would present with alopecia and scaly erythematosus?

A

Biotin (B7)

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19
Q

What test do you use to measure the degree of correlation in:
1) Parametric (normally distributed) data
2) Non Parametric data

A

1) Pearson’s Coefficient
2) Spearmanns Coefficient

20
Q

What does the cardiac sensitive biomarker Troponin bind to when forming a troponin-tropomyosin complex?

A

Actin

21
Q

HLA antigens are encoded by genes on what chromosome?

A

SIX

22
Q

Haemochromatosis is associated with what HLA Antigen?

A

HLA-A3

23
Q

Bechets disease is associated with what HLA Antigen?

A

HLA-B51

24
Q

Ankylosing spondylitis, reactive arthritis, acute anterior uveitis and psoriatic arthritis is associated with what HLA antigen?

A

HLA-B27

25
Q

Coeliac disease is associated with what HLA antigen?

A

HLA-DQ2/DQ8

26
Q

Narcolepsy and Goodpastures syndrome is associated with what HLA antigen?

A

HLA-DR2

27
Q

Dermatitis Herpetiformis, Sjogrens syndrome, Primary biliary cirrhosis is associated with what HLA Antigen?

A

HLA-DR3

28
Q

T1DM, rheumatoid arthritis, are associated with what HLA Antigen?

A

HLA-DR4

29
Q

What test can be used to analyse measured (continuous) data that follows a normal distribution?

A

Students T-Test

30
Q

Definition of the P value?

A

The probability of obtaining a result by chance at least as extreme as the one that was actually observed, assuming that the null hypothesis is true

31
Q

What is a type 1 error when testing the null hypothesis?

A

Null hypothesis is rejected when it is true (False Positive)

32
Q

What is a type 2 error when testing the null hypothesis?

A

Null hypothesis is accepted when it is in fact false (False negative)

33
Q

What is the power of a study?

A

Probability of (correctly) rejecting the null hypothesis when it is false.
Power = 1 - probability of type 2 error

34
Q

Most appropriate significance test for data which is paired but not normally distributed?

A

Wilcoxon signed-rank test

35
Q

Name the condition:
-Mitochondrial Inheritance
-Onset < 20
-External Ophthalmoplegia
-Retinitis Pigmentosa

A

Kearns-Sayre syndrome

36
Q

Nerve and vessels passing through the superior orbital fissure? (Located in Sphenoid Bone)

A

Vessels:
1) Superior Ophthalmic Vein
2) Inferior Ophthalmic vein
Nerves:
1) Oculomotor nerve
2) Trochlear nerve
3) Abducens nerve

37
Q

What receptor does insulin bind to in the cell membrane?

A

Tyrosine Kinase

38
Q

Oncogene ABL

A

Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia

39
Q

Oncogene c-MYC

A

Burkitts Lymphoma

40
Q

Oncogene c-MYC

A

Neuroblastoma

41
Q

Oncogene BCL-2

A

Follicular Lymphoma

42
Q

Oncogene RET

A

Multiple endocrine neoplasia

43
Q

Oncogene RAS

A

Pancreatic Cancer

44
Q

Oncogene erb-B2 (HER2/neu)

A

Breast and Ovarian

45
Q

DiGeorge Syndrome mnemonic ‘CATCH 22’

A

Cardiac abnormalities, Abnormal facies, Thymic aplasia, Cleft palate, Hypocalcaemia/hypoparathyroidism, Chromosome 22 deletion

46
Q
A

MRCP Revision (14 decks)

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