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Mind and Body > Pharmacology > Flashcards

Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

What is pharmacodynamics?

(Reitter, 2020)

A

What the drug does to the body

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2
Q

What is pharmacokinetics?

(Reitter, 2020)

A

What the body does to the drug

entering, moving through, being altered, and leaving the body.

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3
Q

What is pharmacology?

(Reitter, 2020)

A

The study of the effects of drugs on functions of living systems.

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4
Q

What are the 6 things to consider in pharmacodynamics?

(Reitter, 2020)

A
  1. Targets- drugs are desined to work through specific targets only
  2. Specificity- many drugs act through specifc receptors. important to understand how the drug interacts with these and the cellar effect
  3. Drug-receptor interaction
  4. Antagonists- some drugs work by blocking a receptor actions (antagonists)
  5. Molecular actions of drugs- this can alter an aspect of cell or tissue metabolims
  6. Cellular action of drugs- alters the way cells function. may be due to interactions with genetic mechanisms of celln and therefore altering protien functions.
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5
Q

What is the WHO analgesic ladder?

(Reitter, 2020)

A

A statges treatment approach to reliving pain.

Starts with mild pain relief (non-opioid, e.g. NSAID, paracetamol), then weak opiods (e.g. codeine), then strong opiods (e.g. morphine, methaodne).

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6
Q

What are the side effects of strong opiods?

(Reitter, 2020)

A

nausea and vomiting, constipation, long term use can lead to addiction

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7
Q

Describe drug targets.

(Reitter, 2020)

A
  • The majority are proteins that act as receptors to swicth on or off cell processes.

For examples, enxzymes, carrier molecules, or ion channels.

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8
Q

Describe drug specificty.

(Reitter, 2020)

A
  • Drugs are designed to only bind to certain targets due to shape at a molecular level of both the drug and target
  • however, no drug is completely specifc resulting in side effects from acting on other targets. these side effects can range from mild to severe.
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9
Q

How do analgesics work?

(Reitter, 2020)

A
  • act on different sites of the nervous system
  • non-opiods act on peripheral mechanisms that stiumlate nociceptors and cause pain
  • opoids act on the CNS, inhibiting the tranmsission of pain stimulus or reducing the excitiablity of neurones.
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10
Q

What are cyclo-oxygenase inhibitors (COX)?

(Reitter, 2020)

A
  • Inhibit the actions of cyclo-oxyegenase, enzymes involved in the production of prostaglanins
  • Have anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyertic effects.
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11
Q

What is occupancy?

(Reitter, 2020)

A
  • the receptor site of a drug can be occupied or free.
  • if occupies the drug occupting it may either activate a process or block a process from being activated
  • agonists activate a process and antagonists block.
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12
Q

What is affinity?

(Reitter, 2020)

A

How easily and strongly a drug binds to the receptor.

  • high affinity means its easily bound and bind longer than those with low affinity.
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13
Q

What is efficacy?

(Reitter, 2020)

A
  • the tendency of the drug to activate the receptor and produce an effect.
  • there is a relationship between drug concentration and effect. the higher the concentration the greater the likelihood the drug will bump into the receptor and bind.
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14
Q

What needs to be condsidered in pharmacokinetcs?

(Reitter, 2020)

A

absorption- how the drug gets into the body, site of administration

distribution- how the drug uses the bodies normal transport systems to move down diffusion gradients andf be trnasported into cells and tissues

metabolism- how the body breaks down the drug to make it easier to excrete, using enzymes

excretion- how the drug or its metabolites leaves the body e.g. sweat, urine, faeces.

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15
Q

How do drugs move across cell membranes?

(Reitter, 2020)

A
  • diffusion through the lipid: if drugs are lipid soluble they are non-polar so the phospholipd membrane is highly permeable to them
  • difussion through aqueos pores: many water soluble drugs are ionised so cant pass through the mebranne so go through pores however some are too big for this.
  • solute carriers or membrane transports: OATs and OCTs facilitate water soluble drugs down the concentration gradient

-pinocytosis- when a small section of the membrane traps the drug and is released into cell cytoplasm

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16
Q

What can affect the movement of drugs across the cell membrane?

(Reitter, 2020)

A

pH

many drugs are weak acids and the degree they disociate depends on the pH of the environment they are in.

blood plasma

many drugs are transported by plasma so small amounts will be unbound and active in plasma.

17
Q

List the different routes of administration.

(Reitter, 2020)

A
  • Oral
  • Sublingual (under the tongue)
  • Rectal
  • Epithelial tissues e.g. skin, cornea, vagina, nasal mucosa
  • Inhalation
  • Injection: gives direct or indirect access to the main fluid compartments of the body e.g. subcut, IM, IV
18
Q

How does oral administration work?

(Reitter, 2020)

A
  • majority of abosrption takes place in small intestine
  • 75% of the drug will be absorbed within 1-3 hours of administration
19
Q

How does gut content affect the absorption of oral drugs?

(Reitter, 2020)

A
  • feeding stimulates GI motility and blood flow
  • some drugs cause gastic stasis which causes absorption to slow down
  • rapid gut movement will also reduce absporption as drug moves too quickly through the gut
20
Q

How does particle size affect absorption?

(Reitter, 2020)

A

size can be adjusted to achieve quicker absorption rates

a capsule may contain both fast and slow absorbing components to extend the duration of effect of the drug

21
Q

What happens after the drug has been in the gut?

(Reitter, 2020)

A

Its absorbed into the blood stream and transported to the liver via hepatic portal vein where first past metabolim occurs.

First pass metabolism is when the enzymes in the liver further further break down the drug before it is circulated around the body.

22
Q

What is bioavailability?

(Reitter, 2020)

A

The fraction of the drug getting into the bloodstream given the administration route.

IV route gives you 100% bioavailability as it goes straight into the blood stream

23
Q

What is bioequivalence?

(Reitter, 2020)

A

Used to compare different formulations of a drug. If they are bioequvalent they should have the same theraputic effect if one is substituted for the other.

24
Q

Why doesn’t oral route give you 100% drug absorption?

(Reitter, 2020)

A

To enter systemic circulation the drug has to travel through the GI system where it is partially broken down and absorbed.

25
Q

What is the blood-brain barrier?

(Reitter, 2020)

A

The continuous endothelial barrier in the blood capillaries supplying the brain, making the brain inaccessible to drugs with low lipid solubility.

26
Q

What are the two main compartments of the body?

(Reitter, 2020)

A
  1. The Central Compartment

Made of organs and tissues with a high volume blood supplu, heart, kidney, liver, and brain

  1. Peripheral Compartment

Made of fat, muscle, and pertioneal cavity.
Can affect people in different ways depending on the distribution of tissues between these compartments, particularly fat.

27
Q

How are drugs eliminated from the body?

(Reitter, 2020)

A

Metabolism and excretion

28
Q

How is drug metabolism achieved?

(Reitter, 2020)

A
  • catabolic reactions that break down drugs by oxidation- usually happen in the liver
  • anabolic reaction which join products from the first stage, resulting in an inactive product
29
Q

How are drugs excreted?

(Reitter, 2020)

A

Most drugs leave the body through the urine either unchanged or as a metabolite.

Also can be secrted into bile via the liver, however most of them are reasorbed into the gut.

Volatile drugs are excreted via the lungs in exhaled gas.

30
Q

What are nurse’s roles and repsonsibilites in regards to medication?

(Peate et al, 2014).

A
  • knowledge and theraputic uses of medicines
  • check identity and patient’s consent
  • assist with medication administratiom
  • only administer prescribed medication
  • check allergies
31
Q

What are the 5 safe medication administration rights?

(RCN, 2020)

A
  • right pateint
  • right time
  • right medication
  • right dose
  • right route
32
Q

What are controlled drugs?

A
  • prescription medication subject to legal controls to prevent it being misuded, being obtained illegally, or causing harm
  • has to be verified by two nurses independently that correct medication and dose are given
33
Q

What is polypharmacy?

(Kaufman, 2016)

A

The prescribing of many medicines for one individual, it is common as a result in the rise of multi-morbidity.

They are associated with adverse drug events like drug-drug interactions and adverse drug reactions.

Taking multiple medicines can adversely affect adherence, resulting in lost opportunities for health gain and wasted medicines

34
Q

What type of people are particularly vulnerable to polypharmacy?

(Kaufman, 2016)

A

Older and frail people.

35
Q

What is nurses role in the management of polypharmacy?

(Kaufman, 2016)

A
  • regular medication reviews
  • medicine management systems
  • research and education to improve safe practice
36
Q

What are some references for pharmacology?

A
  • (Reitter, 2020)
  • (Peate et al, 2014)
  • (RCN, 2020)
  • (Kaufman, 2016)

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