Inflammatory Response Flashcards
What are the cardinal signs of inflammation?
(Strayer, 2020)
- heat
- pain
- redness
- swelling
- possible loss of function
What are the three main elements of inflammation?
(Strayer, 2020)
- Vascular
- Cellular
- Chemical
What happens in the vascular element of inflammation?
(Strayer, 2020)
increased blood flow to the injured area and increased vascular permeability at the site allowing plasma, plasma proteins and cells to infiltrate the site of injury
What happens at the cellular element of inflammation?
(Strayer, 2020)
response of the innate immune system cells
- phagocytic cells are first line of defense and clear up cellular debris from damaged or necrtoic cells
What happens at the chemical element of inflammation?
(Strayer, 2020)
- chemical cascades of the compliment system enahce the immune cell response
- coagulation cascade occurs to minimise blood loss and temporarily repair damage
What happens if there is an unregulated or excessive response of inflammation?
(Strayer, 2020)
- can cause tissue injury and disease e.g. cancer, cardiovascular and respiratory diseases
What happens at the initation stage of inflammation?
(Strayer, 2020)
- first stage
- chemical mediators are activated by invaders, damaged cells and extracellular matirx
- these chemical mediators stimular vascular changes e.g. vasodialation and increased permeability to the area to recruit macrophages
- this increased vascularity and permeability flood the area with coagulation factors, cytokines, chemokinesm platelets and inflammatory cells e.g. neutrophils
What happens at the amplification stage of inflammation?
(Strayer, 2020)
if the injury is more extensive then more white blood cells (leucocytes) and macrophages are attracted to the area by the activated complement system
What happens at the destruction stage of inflammation?
(Strayer, 2020)
enzymetic digestion and phagocytosis reduce or remove damaged tissue, depris, foreign material and infectious organisms
What happens at the termination stage of inflammation?
(Strayer, 2020)
- anti-inflammatory mechanisms limit the tissue destruction and damage to normal cells, setting the scene for healing and repair,
- this occurs by reversing the vascular changes and reducing further fluid and cellular access to the injury site
What is the difference between acute and chroic inflammation?
(Strayer, 2020)
- acute includes activation, amplification, destruction, and termination
- if this is insufficient to resolve the innital damage or remove infectoius agents this porgresses into chronci inflammation
- this is when further white blood cells infiltrate the area and fibrosis occurs (the deposition of extracellular matix leading the scarring and loss of function)
What are neutrophils?
(Strayer, 2020)
- type of white blood cell (leukocyte) that plays a critical role in the innate immune response
- most abundant type of white blood cell
- stored in bone marrow
- accumulate at sites of injury and infection
- attract other white blood cells and activate T cells
- clear up cellular derpus and invading organisms as well as secreting chemical mediatoyrs that steralise and degrade injured tissue
What is phagocytosis?
(Strayer, 2020)
- process of engulfing and destroying unwanted or dangerous material
- they recognise the material and attach it to the phagocytic cell
- the bound matertial is then drawn into the cell and membrane bound extensions wrap around it, engulfing it in the phagocyte
- lysosomal enzymes are then released into the phagosome and degreate and detsroy the material
What are endothelial cells?
(Strayer, 2020)
- line the blood vessels creating a barrier between the intra and extra vascular spaces
- secrete antiplalelet and antithrombotic cells
- when the blood vessels are damaged they attract and activate inflammatory cells
- respnd to increased levels of bradykinin, histamine, endotoxins, and cytokines
Name some white blood cell types.
(Strayer, 2020)
- macrophages- clear pathogens and debris, producing inflammatory mediatory
- dentritic cells- antigem presenting cells, stimulating T cell sectretion
- basophils/ mast cells- release inflqammatory mediators
- platelets- initiate and regulate clotting, aggregate with fibrular collagen forming a plus, produce inflammatory mediators