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Mind and Body > Childhood infectious diseases > Flashcards

Childhood infectious diseases Flashcards

1
Q

What is the UN’s sustainable development goal relating to communicable diseases?

(United Nations, 2015).

A

To end the epidemic of AIDs, tuberculosis, malaria, and other communicable diseases by 2030.

Aims to achieve universal health coverage and provide safe and affordable medicines and vaccines for all.

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2
Q

What are some different types of communicable diseases?

(Herrington, 2019)

A
  • respiratory infections e.g. pneumonia, influenza, bronchiolitis
  • GI infections e.g. rotavirus, gastroentersis
  • vector-borne infections e.g. malaria, dengue fever
  • vaccine-preventable infections e.g. MMR, polio
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3
Q

What is respiratriy syncytial virus (RSV)?

(Herrington, 2019)

A
  • commonly causes pneumonia
  • causes infection of respiratory tract
  • In 2019, 33m children >5 were infected
  • those under 6 months and over 65 years are most at risk
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4
Q

What is tuberculosis?

(Herrington, 2019)

A
  • serious bacterial infection affecting the lungs and other organs
  • its incubation period is 3-9 months, meaning this is how long it can take to show symptoms from first exposure
  • contagious until 4 weeks after start of treatment
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5
Q

What is polio?

(Herrington, 2019)

A
  • highly infectious disease affecting the nervous system, mainly brain stem and spinal cord
  • incubation perious usually 7-10 days but can range from 4-45
  • virus is spread throgh faeces
  • enters through the mouth/intestine, invading the nervous system
  • can causes permamanet muscle paralysis in legs (5-10%) and death if breathing muscles become immobolised
  • other symptoms include fever, fatigue, headache, vomiting, stiffness in neck, pain in limbs
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6
Q

What is measles?

(Herrington, 2019)

A
  • highly infectous viral disease
  • air borne virus, spread through coughs and sneezes
  • incubation period 10-14 days, early symptoms last 4-7 days
  • symptoms include runny nose, cough, red and watery eyes, small white spots inside cheeks, and most prominently a rash
  • complications include blindness, severe diarrhoe, dehydration, pneumonia, inflammation of the brain
  • vaccination has reduced measels death rates by more than 600,000 from 2020-2022
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7
Q

What is epidemiology?

(Herrington, 2019)

A

the study of the determinants, occurrence, and distribution of health and disease in a defined population.

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8
Q

What are things to consider in epidemiology?

(Herrington, 2019)

A
  • infectivity: associated with length of pre-symptomatic phase
  • pathogenicity: process of how the infection leads to a disease
  • virulence: how harmful a pathogen is
  • immunogenicity: ability of a foreign antigen to provoke an immune response
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9
Q

What are the 4 stages of pathogenicity?

(Herrington, 2019)

A
  1. portal of entry
  2. local replication
  3. spread to target organs
  4. shedding to environment
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10
Q

What are the 4 stages of virulence?

(Herrington, 2019)

A
  1. viral replication
  2. impact on host mechanism
  3. tropism- spread and transmission through body
  4. production of products which are directly toxic
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11
Q

List some modes of transmission.

(Herrington, 2019)

A
  • respiratory secretions (airborne droplets, direct contact, fomites (objects carrying infection))
  • faeces (food, fomites, water, flies)
  • blood (vectors, transfusion, needle stick)
  • lesion secretions (direct contact, sexual intercourse, fomites, flies)
  • aerosols (droplet nuclei, droplet inhalation)
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12
Q

What are some host factors influencing disease?

(Herrington, 2019)

A
  • age
  • immunity
  • genetics
  • external factors
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13
Q

Describe herd immunity.

(Herrington, 2019)

A
  • occurs when a large portion of a population becomes immune to a disease, either through vaccination or prior infection.
  • when enough people are immune, the spread of the disease is slowed down because there are fewer susceptible individuals for the virus to infect
  • this protects those who are unable to get vaccinated or are at higher risk of severe illness
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14
Q

What is the NHS vaccine schedule?

(NHS, 2024)

A

A list of all vaccines and time a person should receive them to ensure best protection against infectious diseases

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15
Q

What is hepatitus B and C?

(Herrington, 2019)

A
  • blood borne virus
  • can cause both acute and chronic infections
  • actue symptoms could be fever, fatigue, nausea
  • chronic are liver damage, cirrhosis, cancer, or failure, causing death
  • hep B can be prevented with a vaccine but there is no effective vaccine for hep C however direct acting antiviral meds can treat hep C.
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16
Q

What is Hematopoiesis?

(Herrington, 2019)

A
  • the production of blood cells
  • haemocytoblasts differentiate into different types of blood cells depending on the body’s condition
  • e.g. in response to poor blood clottihg, stress, or infection
  • these haemocytoblasts dont circulate all the time, only increase in numbers when needed to treat the condition
17
Q

What is the lymphatic system?

(Herrington, 2019)

A
  • transport system for immune cells e.g. WBC
  • removed interstitual fluid and waste producst
  • absorbs fat
18
Q

What organs and tissues are in the lymphatic system?

(Herrington, 2019)

A
  • spleen: the largest lymphoid organ
  • bone marrow
  • thymus
  • lymph nodes
  • tonsils
  • MALT (mucosa- associated lymphoid tissues)
19
Q

What is lymph nodes role?

(Herrington, 2019)

A
  • they detoxify and remove waste products
  • also store lymphocytes (type B and T)
  • found in the axilla, head, neck, and abdomen
20
Q

What are B-lymphocytes?

(Herrington, 2019)

A
  • produce antibodies which help the body recognise and neutralise foreign invaders
  • also have a memory function allowing the body to remember previous antigens so the body can quickly and effective neutralise them
21
Q

What are T-lymphocytes

(Herrington, 2019)

A
  • involved in directly attacking infected or abnormal cells in the body
  • several types of T cells, including helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, and regulatory T cells.
  • Helper T cells coordinate the immune response by activating other immune cells e.g. B cells and cytotoxic T cells.
  • Cytotoxic T cells (also known as killer T cells) are responsible for identifying and destroying cells that have been infected by viruses or that have become cancerous.
  • Regulatory T cells help to regulate and control the immune response, preventing excessive inflammation and autoimmune reactions.
22
Q

What is non-specific (innate) immunity?

(Herrington, 2019)

A

the first line of defence
- mechanical and chemical barriers and reflexes e.g. skin and mucosis membrances, acid, tears, sneezing

second line of defence
- inflammation, fever, phagocytosis, natural killer cells, protective proteins

23
Q

Describe active and passive immunity.

(Herrington, 2019)

A
  • active/adaptive immunity is aquired trough immunisation or previous exposure to a disease- responds to an antigen recognised by B-lymphocytes
  • its a specific slower response
  • passive immunity is transferred from another source e.g. mother or immunoglobulins
  • shorter acting with no subseqeunct immunological memory
24
Q

Describe primary and secondary antibody-mediated immune response.

(Herrington, 2019)

A
  • Primary- specific antigen is encountered and the antibody is detected in the blood, the disease maybe developing in the meantime
  • Secondary- person encounters antigen again anf memory cells respond quickly, producing plasma cells to secrete specfic antibody
25
Q

Describe specific immunity.

(Herrington, 2019)

A
  • aquired in response to an antigen that triggers an antibody to be produced by the immune system
  • may be cell mediated, humoral, active or passive
  • creates an immunilogical memory
26
Q

Describe cell-mediated immunity.

(Herrington, 2019)

A
  • macrophages digest the antigen and display an antigenic fragment on their surface
  • the antigen is presented to T-lymphocytes which are sensitised to it
27
Q

Desrcibe anti-body mediated immunity.

(Herrington, 2019)

A
  • B-lymphocytes produce antibodies (aka immunoglobulins)
  • on the antibody surface there is an antigen receptor specific to an antigen, allowing it to remember, recognise, and bind to the antigen
  • enhances the link between innate and adaptive immunity, triggering processes
  • there are different classes of antibodies e.g. IgM, IgG
28
Q

What is inflammation? (…itis)

(Herrington, 2019)

A
  • complex, non-specifc response to tissue injury
  • aims to minimise the effects of injury or infection, remove damaged tissue, generate new tissue, and facilitate healing
  • part of inate immune system
  • can be acute or chronic
  • tested for by c-reactive protein (CRP) blood test, a protein released by the liver during acute phase of inflammation
29
Q

Describe the inflammatory response.

(Herrington, 2019)

A
  • redness and heat (due to increased blood flow, erythema)
  • swelling (due to capillary permeability, oedema)
  • increased blood flow moved WBC and plasma proteins to site of damage or infection
  • causes pain, tenderness
30
Q

Describe phagocytosis.

(Herrington, 2019)

A
  • used to deal with localised damage and infection
  • chemotaxis- WBC are attracted to the site
  • neurophils move in and produce compounds that destroy bacteria
  • monocytes move in and become macrophages
  • neutrophils and macrophages kill pathogens and foreign cells
  • macrohpages produce cytokines which attract immune system cells to the area and continue to activate the process of tissue repair
31
Q

What are autoimmune disorders?

(Herrington, 2019)

A
  • where the body is unable to differentiate between self and non-self
  • autoantibodies are formed and the immune system fails to recognise itself
  • sometimes a genetic element

e.g. MS, rheumotoid arthritis, T1 diabetes

32
Q

Name some therapies to reduce the immune response (deliberately).

(Herrington, 2019)

A
  • Non-sterodial anti-inflammatories (NSAID’s)
  • steriods
  • cytotoxic therapy
  • monoclonal antibody therapy
33
Q

How can nurses improve vaccine promotion and implementation?

(Carracedo, 2020).

A
  • patient reminders/ recall
  • education- inform pateints about safety and importance of vaccines
  • isolated community education
  • isolated health education in health centered
  • reduce vaccination costs
  • improve acess to vaccination
  • schedule home visits
34
Q

How can nursing staff prevent vaccine adverse reactions and complications?

(Pawlowski, 2018).

A
  • physical examination of patient before administration, excluding any contradiction
  • complying with standards in national acts and regulations
  • have adequate knowledge on the vaccine, contradictions, administration technique etc.
35
Q

List some references for childhood infectious diseases.

A
  • (United Nations, 2015)
  • (Herrington, 2019)
  • (Carracedo, 2020)
  • (Pawlowski, 2018)

Mind and Body (21 decks)

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