Noncommunicable Diseases Flashcards
What is a non-communicable disease? (WHO, 2023).
A disease with a prolonged course, that does not resolve spontaneously, and for which a complete cure is rarely acheived.
Characteristics of NCDs (WHO, 2023)
- complex causes
- non-contageous origin
- incurability
- multiple risk factors
- prolonged course of illness
- results in functional impairment or disability
Types of NCDs (WHO, 2023)
- Cardiovascular diseases (e.g. stroke, heart attacks)
- Cancers
- Chronic respiratory diseases (COPD, asthma)
- Diabetes
- Chronic neurological disorders (e.g. dementia)
- Arthritis/musculoskeletal diseases
What are some facts and figures about NCDs (WHO, 2023)
- kill 41 million each year, equivalent to 74% of deaths globally
- 77% of NCD deaths are in low- or middle-income countries
- Cardiovascular diseases account for most NCD deaths, then cancer, then chronic respiratory diseases, then diabetes.
o These four disease groups account for over 80% of all premature NCD deaths. - The risk of dying from an NCD is increased by tobacco use, physical inactivity, harmful use of alcohol, unhealthy diet, and air pollution.
What are some figures about NCDs in Scotland? (Obestity Action, 2021)
- major cause of death, accounting for 62% of all deaths in 2020
- cause more than 43% of all healthy life lost to disability
- poeple in least deprived areas are expected to be healthy for 20 years longer than those in most deprived
- 1 in 5 deaths from NCDs could be prevented through public health interventions
What are some modifiable risk factors for NCDs? (WHO, 2023)
- physical inactivity
- tobacco use
- alcohol use
- unhealhty diets
What are some non-modifiable risk fcators for NCDs? (WHO, 2023)
- age
- gender
- race
- family history
What are the 4 metabolic changes that increase the risk of NCDs?
- raised blood pressure
- overweight/obese
- hyperglycaemia
- hyperlipadaemia
Most common is high blood pressure.
What are some environmental risk factor contrubitng to NCDs? (WHO, 2023)
- air pollution: largest, accounting for 6.7m deaths globally, 5.7 million being due to NCDs (stroke, ischemic heart disease, COPD, lung cancer)
- poverty: increases risk of poor health throguh modifiable factors e.g. smoking, diet, and having limited access to health services. Burden of obesity, tobacco use, and alcohol consumption is higher in deprived areas.
What are the 6 WHO objectives for NCD prevention and control?
- Priority- raise priority and integrate prevention and control into policies
- Leadership- establish and strengthen national policies and plans
- Interventions- focus on shared modifiable risk factors
- Research- promote research for NCD prevention and control
- Partnerships- promote partnerships for NCD prevention and control
- Monitor and Evaluate- monitor NCDs and determinants and evaluate progress
What are the WHO (2013) voluntary targets by 2030?
Goals set by the WHO to reduce risk of developing, and impacts of NCDs by:
- increasing physical activity,
- improving diet,
- reducing high BP, tobacco use, diabetes and obesity
- increasing availability of affordable treatment and services to treat NCDs.
What has been done in Scotland to tackle NCDs?
Obesity Action Scotland (2021) called for Scottish Gov to:
1.Reduce advertising and promotion of alcohol and e-ciggarettes
- Review the minimum unit price for alcohol
- Introduce a bill to restrict promotion of high fat, sugar, and salt food and drink
- Publish an Out of Home (healthy food choices when eating out) Strategy with clear actions
- Improve weight management, alcohol treatment, and smoking cessation services so they meet people’s needs.
What has the smoking ban and MUP in Scotland resulted in?
(Obesity Action, 2021)
- 74% reduction in heart attacks
- 68% reduction in strokes
- MUP resulted in alcohol sales being at their lowest level in 26 years in 2020.
What is the Sustainable Development Goal 3?
(United Nations, 2023)
Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages
- Through prevention, promoting well-being, and treatment reduce premature mortality from NCDs by 1/3 by 2030.
- Reduce mortality rate attributed to cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes or chronic respiratory disease
How does physhical activity improve health?
(Haseler, 2019)
- evidence shows that those who are more active have lower rates of mortality, cardiovasular disease, metabolic disease, colon and breat cancer, and depression. (30% less)
- any level of increased physical activity is beneficial
- aim for 150 minutes a week
- COPD and cardiac disease patients with increased physical activity have greater QoL, reduced hospital admissions, and increase exercise capacity
