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CTL > Pharmacology > Flashcards

Pharmacology Flashcards

wk 9

1
Q

Pharmacodynamics

A

describes the action of the drug

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2
Q

What are the two aspects of pharmacodynamics and what do they incorprate?

A

Qualitative aspects – how they produce their effects

Quantitative effects – magnitude of response, potency, therapeutic efficacy, tolerance

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3
Q

What is pharmacokinetics and what does it involve?

A

The fate of the drugs

Absorption, distribution, excretion and metabolism.

What the body does to the drug

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4
Q

What is pharmacotherapeutics and what does it involve?

A

Use of drug treatment to: cure a disease, delay disease progression, alleviate signs and symptoms of disease or facilitate non-pharmacologic therapy

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5
Q

What is a side effect?

A

drug effect that is not the primary purpose for giving the drug in a particular condition

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6
Q

What is an adverse drug reaction?

A

Unintended and undesirable response to a drug

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7
Q

What is Pharmacy?

A

Branch of science dealing with the manufacture, preparation and dispensing of drugs.

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8
Q

What is pharmaceutics?

A

Science of drug preparation and dispensing

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9
Q

What is a formulation?

A

Form that the drug is administered

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10
Q

What is a indication?

A

Illness or disorder that the drug has a specific usefulness for.

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11
Q

What is a contraindication?

A

Situation or condition in which a drug should NOT be used.

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12
Q

What is pharmacodynamics vs pharmacokinetics?

A

Dynamics:
-How drugs affect the body

kinetics
-how the body affects the drugs

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13
Q

What does pharmacodynamics involve?

A

Receptors
enzyme targets
cell signalling
membrane channels
drug interactions

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14
Q

What are the three different names that drugs collect?

A

chemical name

Approved name (generic or non-proprietary name)

Proprietary name (brand/trade name)

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15
Q

What is under ‘Schedule 3’ of drugs?

A

Pharmacists only medicine

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16
Q

what is under ‘schedule 4’ drugs?

A

prescription-only medicine

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17
Q

what is under ‘schedule 9’ drugs?

A

Prohibited substances

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18
Q

How (in pharmacodynamics) do you measure the magnitude of response in the quantitative aspects?

A

potency and therapeutic efficacy

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19
Q

What is the main purpose of an agonist?

A

Activates target receptor

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20
Q

What is the main purpose of antagonists?

A

block target receptors

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21
Q

What are the four types of protein molecular targets?

A

Ion channels

receptors

enzymes

carrier molecules/transporters

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22
Q

What are ion channels and a drug example?

A

Allows ions to travel transverse biological membranes

NMDA

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23
Q

What are receptors and a drug example?

A

Cell surface/ intracellular proteins

Serotonin receptor

24
Q

What are enzyme receptors and a drug example?

A

Metabolize endogenous/exogenous substrates

CYP450

25
Q

What are carrier molecules/transporter receptors?

A

Allow biologics to traverse biological membranes

26
Q

What are the 3 molecular targets for drugs?

A

Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Miscellaneous targets

27
Q

What are the four sub-categories of protein molecular targets?

A

Receptors
ion channels
enzymes
carrier molecules (transporters)

28
Q

What occurs when natural chemical messengers interact with receptors?

A

Bind to receptor
stimulate the receptor

29
Q

What are the characteristics of agonists?

A

drugs that stimulate receptors, and mimic
endogenous messengers
- possess affinity and efficacy for the receptor

30
Q

What are the characteristics of antagonists?

A

drugs that “block” receptors, prevent signals being sent, or reduce
signal intensity
- have affinity for a receptor, but no efficacy

31
Q

What are the characteristics of allosteric modulators

A

drugs that act at the modulatory sites on the receptor
- “Volume” control of response to endogenous
chemical

32
Q

What are the ways that drugs act on Protein receptor molecule targets?

A

Agonists
Antagonists
Allosteric Modulators

33
Q

What are the ways drugs act on Protein-ion channels? Examples.

A

drugs block ion channels
or
modulate their opening

Local anaesthetics
tetrodotoxin

34
Q

What are protein enzyme Molecular targets?

A

Endogenous protein that catalyzes biochemical reactions

35
Q

How do drugs act on protein enzyme molecular targets?

A

Drugs inhibit enzymes or act as false substrates

36
Q

What is selective toxicity and some examples of types of drugs?

A

Agent is toxic to a particular organism or cell but innocuous to a normal human.

E.g. Antibacterial drugs, Antiviral drugs, Antifungal agents, cancer chemotherapy

37
Q

Where can drugs act at a ligand-gated ion channel?

A

Same as transmitter

Modulatory site

Channel itself

38
Q

What are the four types of receptors?

A

Ligand-gated ion channels
GPCRs
Kinase-linked receptors
Nuclear receptors

39
Q

What are examples of Ligand-gated ion channels?

A

Nicotinic ACh

GABA A receptors

Glutamate ionotropic receptor

40
Q

What are examples of GPCRs?

A

n muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChR)
n adrenoceptors
n peptide receptors
n dopamine receptors
n opioid receptors
n 5-HT receptors (except 5-HT3)

41
Q

Efficacy vs affinity

A

Affinity is the ability for it to bind to the receptor

efficacy = ability for it to activate the receptor and produce the result

42
Q

What is agonist potency and what is it determined by?

A

concentration that produces pharmacological response

determined by affinity for receptor and efficacy of the drug

43
Q

What is EC50?

A

common measurement of agonist potency

the concentration of agonist that produces 50% of the maximal response

43
Q
A
44
Q

What are full and partial agonists?

A

Full

Maximum response the tissue is able to give

High efficacy

Partial

Never achieve mammal response even at very high concentrations

45
Q

Describe the relationship between partial and full agonists.

A

Same affinity but different efficacy

46
Q

If an agonist occurs at a constitutively active receptor…

A

the activity of the receptor would be increased.

47
Q

What is the effect of an antagonist on constitutive activity?

A

no effect on the constitutive activity but inhibits the effects of the agonists

48
Q

What is constitutive activity?

A

ligan independent activity = production of a second messenger in the absence of an agonist

49
Q

What are inverse agonists?

A

Drugs that decrease the constitutive activity.

50
Q

Describe the affinity and efficacy of antagonists.

A

High affinity for the receptor

zero efficacy

51
Q

What is an example of a drug that uses antagonistic behaviours for its effect?

A

B-blockers

52
Q

What does Competitive Antagonism do?

A

Causes distortion of agonist binding site = not surmountable

53
Q

Why will the effect of drug lessen if given over time or repeatedly?

A

change in receptors
internalisation of receptors exhaustion of mediators
increased drug breakdown
physiological adaptation
active extrusion of drug from cells

54
Q

What is a false substrate?

A

drug that can inhibit enzymes or act as false substrates

CTL (11 decks)

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