Pharmacology

Question 1

Pharmacodynamics

Answer 1

describes the action of the drug

Question 2

What are the two aspects of pharmacodynamics and what do they incorprate?

Answer 2

Qualitative aspects – how they produce their effects

Quantitative effects – magnitude of response, potency, therapeutic efficacy, tolerance

Question 3

What is pharmacokinetics and what does it involve?

Answer 3

The fate of the drugs

Absorption, distribution, excretion and metabolism.

What the body does to the drug

Question 4

What is pharmacotherapeutics and what does it involve?

Answer 4

Use of drug treatment to: cure a disease, delay disease progression, alleviate signs and symptoms of disease or facilitate non-pharmacologic therapy

Question 5

What is a side effect?

Answer 5

drug effect that is not the primary purpose for giving the drug in a particular condition

Question 6

What is an adverse drug reaction?

Answer 6

Unintended and undesirable response to a drug

Question 7

What is Pharmacy?

Answer 7

Branch of science dealing with the manufacture, preparation and dispensing of drugs.

Question 8

What is pharmaceutics?

Answer 8

Science of drug preparation and dispensing

Question 9

What is a formulation?

Answer 9

Form that the drug is administered

Question 10

What is a indication?

Answer 10

Illness or disorder that the drug has a specific usefulness for.

Question 11

What is a contraindication?

Answer 11

Situation or condition in which a drug should NOT be used.

Question 12

What is pharmacodynamics vs pharmacokinetics?

Answer 12

Dynamics:
-How drugs affect the body

kinetics
-how the body affects the drugs

Question 13

What does pharmacodynamics involve?

Answer 13

Receptors
enzyme targets
cell signalling
membrane channels
drug interactions

Question 14

What are the three different names that drugs collect?

Answer 14

chemical name

Approved name (generic or non-proprietary name)

Proprietary name (brand/trade name)

Question 15

What is under ‘Schedule 3’ of drugs?

Answer 15

Pharmacists only medicine

Question 16

what is under ‘schedule 4’ drugs?

Answer 16

prescription-only medicine

Question 17

what is under ‘schedule 9’ drugs?

Answer 17

Prohibited substances

Question 18

How (in pharmacodynamics) do you measure the magnitude of response in the quantitative aspects?

Answer 18

potency and therapeutic efficacy

Question 19

What is the main purpose of an agonist?

Answer 19

Activates target receptor

Question 20

What is the main purpose of antagonists?

Answer 20

block target receptors

Question 21

What are the four types of protein molecular targets?

Answer 21

Ion channels

receptors

enzymes

carrier molecules/transporters

Question 22

What are ion channels and a drug example?

Answer 22

Allows ions to travel transverse biological membranes

NMDA

Question 23

What are receptors and a drug example?

Answer 23

Cell surface/ intracellular proteins

Serotonin receptor

Question 24

What are enzyme receptors and a drug example?

Answer 24

Metabolize endogenous/exogenous substrates

CYP450

Question 25

What are carrier molecules/transporter receptors?

Answer 25

Allow biologics to traverse biological membranes

Question 26

What are the 3 molecular targets for drugs?

Answer 26

Proteins Nucleic Acids Miscellaneous targets

Question 27

What are the four sub-categories of protein molecular targets?

Answer 27

Receptors ion channels enzymes carrier molecules (transporters)

Question 28

What occurs when natural chemical messengers interact with receptors?

Answer 28

Bind to receptor stimulate the receptor

Question 29

What are the characteristics of agonists?

Answer 29

drugs that stimulate receptors, and mimic endogenous messengers - possess affinity and efficacy for the receptor

Question 30

What are the characteristics of antagonists?

Answer 30

drugs that “block” receptors, prevent signals being sent, or reduce signal intensity - have affinity for a receptor, but no efficacy

Question 31

What are the characteristics of allosteric modulators

Answer 31

drugs that act at the modulatory sites on the receptor - “Volume” control of response to endogenous chemical

Question 32

What are the ways that drugs act on Protein receptor molecule targets?

Answer 32

Agonists Antagonists Allosteric Modulators

Question 33

What are the ways drugs act on Protein-ion channels? Examples.

Answer 33

drugs block ion channels or modulate their opening Local anaesthetics tetrodotoxin

Question 34

What are protein enzyme Molecular targets?

Answer 34

Endogenous protein that catalyzes biochemical reactions

Question 35

How do drugs act on protein enzyme molecular targets?

Answer 35

Drugs inhibit enzymes or act as false substrates

Question 36

What is selective toxicity and some examples of types of drugs?

Answer 36

Agent is toxic to a particular organism or cell but innocuous to a normal human. E.g. Antibacterial drugs, Antiviral drugs, Antifungal agents, cancer chemotherapy

Question 37

Where can drugs act at a ligand-gated ion channel?

Answer 37

Same as transmitter Modulatory site Channel itself

Question 38

What are the four types of receptors?

Answer 38

Ligand-gated ion channels GPCRs Kinase-linked receptors Nuclear receptors

Question 39

What are examples of Ligand-gated ion channels?

Answer 39

Nicotinic ACh GABA A receptors Glutamate ionotropic receptor

Question 40

What are examples of GPCRs?

Answer 40

n muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChR) n adrenoceptors n peptide receptors n dopamine receptors n opioid receptors n 5-HT receptors (except 5-HT3)

Question 41

Efficacy vs affinity

Answer 41

Affinity is the ability for it to bind to the receptor efficacy = ability for it to activate the receptor and produce the result

Question 42

What is agonist potency and what is it determined by?

Answer 42

concentration that produces pharmacological response determined by affinity for receptor and efficacy of the drug

Question 43

What is EC50?

Answer 43

common measurement of agonist potency the concentration of agonist that produces 50% of the maximal response

Question 44

What are full and partial agonists?

Answer 44

Full Maximum response the tissue is able to give High efficacy Partial Never achieve mammal response even at very high concentrations

Question 45

Describe the relationship between partial and full agonists.

Answer 45

Same affinity but different efficacy

Question 46

If an agonist occurs at a constitutively active receptor...

Answer 46

the activity of the receptor would be increased.

Question 47

What is the effect of an antagonist on constitutive activity?

Answer 47

no effect on the constitutive activity but inhibits the effects of the agonists

Question 48

What is constitutive activity?

Answer 48

ligan independent activity = production of a second messenger in the absence of an agonist

Question 49

What are inverse agonists?

Answer 49

Drugs that decrease the constitutive activity.

Question 50

Describe the affinity and efficacy of antagonists.

Answer 50

High affinity for the receptor zero efficacy

Question 51

What is an example of a drug that uses antagonistic behaviours for its effect?

Answer 51

B-blockers

Question 52

What does Competitive Antagonism do?

Answer 52

Causes distortion of agonist binding site = not surmountable

Question 53

Why will the effect of drug lessen if given over time or repeatedly?

Answer 53

change in receptors internalisation of receptors exhaustion of mediators increased drug breakdown physiological adaptation active extrusion of drug from cells

Question 54

What is a false substrate?

Answer 54

drug that can inhibit enzymes or act as false substrates