immunology and vaccination Flashcards
wk 11
Describe innate immunity
Non-spsecfic immune response that includes the first and second line of defence.
Describe adaptive immune response.
A specific response that activate specific lymphocytes to combat a particular pathogen by using the third line of defence
What are the two white blood cell types?
Granulocytes and lymphocytes (granulocytes)
What are the two classifications of White Blood Cells and what do they mean?
Granular (containing vescicles that appear when stained)
A-granular (no granules)
What are the two primary lymphoid organs and their roles.
Bone marrow - Where T and B lymphocytes develop and mature
Thymus - Where T lymphocytes develop and mature
What are the three secondary lymphoid organs and their major role
Spleen
Lymph nodes
Mucosa Associated Lymphoid tissue (MALT)
role= Where naïve lymphocytes encounter an antigen and stimulated to become effector and memory cell populations
What are the two lines of innate defence?
Surface barriers - 1st
Internal defences - 2nd
What are some surface barriers?
Skin and mucosa
What are some internal defences?
Phagocytes
NK cells
Inflammation
Antimicrobial proteins
fever
What are the two lines of adaptive defences?
Humour (B cells) and cellular immunity ( T cells)
What are the mechanical vs chemical defences of the Innate system (surface barriers)
Mechanical defenses
Skin
Mucous
Tears
Saliva
Mucous
Cilia
Urine
Chemical defenses
Sebum
Lysozyme
Gastric juice
What responses does the internal defences of innate immunity generate?
Fever and inflammation
uses:
Antimicrobial proteins
(Broad spectrum antimicrobial activities
and Attract dendritic cells and mast cells)
Cells -
Phagocytic (neurphils and macrophages) that ingest foreign matter
Natural killer cells kill infected target cells
How are antigen presenting cells created
Macrophages ingest bacteria and bacteria and then digest them. They then process and display them on their surface.
How does inflammation act as an internal defense in innate immune response.
Attracts WBC and chemicals to tissues
Physical barrier
Promotes repair
What are the three crucial types of cells involved in the adaptive immune system?
B cells - humoral
T cells - cellular
Antigen- presenting cells (APCs)
-
What are APCs and their two main types?
Antigen presenting cells
Purpose
Engulf antigens and present to T cells for recognition
Types
Dendritic cells
Macrophages
B cells
Describe the mechanism of action for Dendritic cells.
Phagocytize pathogens –> enter lymphatics to present antigens to T cells
What acts as the link between adaptive and innate immunity?
Dendritic cells
What does an activated macrophage initiate?
A powerful inflammatory response by becoming a voracious phagocytic killer =
What are the similarities between Humour and cell mediated adaptive immunity?
Recognise and bind antigens
Allow for destruction using phagocytes/lympocytes
Eliminate antigen
Create effector and memory T cells
What are the main differences between Humour and cell mediated adaptive immunity?
Mediation ( Antibody vs cell)
Receptor (extracellular vs intracellular)
cell use (B cells vs Helper T cells, cytotoxic cells and APCs)
What are the four ways we develop immunity?
Natural acquired active
Natural acquired passive
Artificially acquired active
Artificially acquired passive
Are vaccines immunogenic or pathogenic?
Immunogenic but not pathogenic
What are the four types of vaccines?
Live attenuated
Inactivated living organisms
Protein subunit vaccines
gene-based vaccines
What are the two type of gene-based vaccines?
Viral vector
DNA/RNA vaccines
What is an example of a protein subunit vaccine?
Hep B and HPV
What are the two types of vaccine constituents?
Source of antigen
Additives
What are the sources of antigens for vaccines?
Live/ inactivated bacteria/virus
Subunit of bacteria/virus
Recombinant bacteria/virus
Expression plasmid (DNA vaccine)
What are the additives of vaccines?
Adjuvants -
Stabilizers
Diluents
Preservatives
Remnants from manufacturing process
Formaldehyde and antibiotics
