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CTL > immunology and vaccination > Flashcards

immunology and vaccination Flashcards

wk 11

1
Q

Describe innate immunity

A

Non-spsecfic immune response that includes the first and second line of defence.

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2
Q

Describe adaptive immune response.

A

A specific response that activate specific lymphocytes to combat a particular pathogen by using the third line of defence

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3
Q

What are the two white blood cell types?

A

Granulocytes and lymphocytes (granulocytes)

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4
Q

What are the two classifications of White Blood Cells and what do they mean?

A

Granular (containing vescicles that appear when stained)

A-granular (no granules)

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5
Q

What are the two primary lymphoid organs and their roles.

A

Bone marrow - Where T and B lymphocytes develop and mature

Thymus - Where T lymphocytes develop and mature

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6
Q

What are the three secondary lymphoid organs and their major role

A

Spleen
Lymph nodes
Mucosa Associated Lymphoid tissue (MALT)

role= Where naïve lymphocytes encounter an antigen and stimulated to become effector and memory cell populations

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7
Q

What are the two lines of innate defence?

A

Surface barriers - 1st

Internal defences - 2nd

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8
Q

What are some surface barriers?

A

Skin and mucosa

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9
Q

What are some internal defences?

A

Phagocytes
NK cells
Inflammation
Antimicrobial proteins
fever

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10
Q

What are the two lines of adaptive defences?

A

Humour (B cells) and cellular immunity ( T cells)

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11
Q

What are the mechanical vs chemical defences of the Innate system (surface barriers)

A

Mechanical defenses
Skin
Mucous
Tears
Saliva
Mucous
Cilia
Urine

Chemical defenses
Sebum
Lysozyme
Gastric juice

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12
Q

What responses does the internal defences of innate immunity generate?

A

Fever and inflammation

uses:

Antimicrobial proteins
(Broad spectrum antimicrobial activities
and Attract dendritic cells and mast cells)

Cells -
Phagocytic (neurphils and macrophages) that ingest foreign matter

Natural killer cells kill infected target cells

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13
Q

How are antigen presenting cells created

A

Macrophages ingest bacteria and bacteria and then digest them. They then process and display them on their surface.

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14
Q

How does inflammation act as an internal defense in innate immune response.

A

Attracts WBC and chemicals to tissues

Physical barrier

Promotes repair

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15
Q

What are the three crucial types of cells involved in the adaptive immune system?

A

B cells - humoral
T cells - cellular
Antigen- presenting cells (APCs)
-

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16
Q

What are APCs and their two main types?

A

Antigen presenting cells

Purpose

Engulf antigens and present to T cells for recognition

Types
Dendritic cells
Macrophages
B cells

17
Q

Describe the mechanism of action for Dendritic cells.

A

Phagocytize pathogens –> enter lymphatics to present antigens to T cells

18
Q

What acts as the link between adaptive and innate immunity?

A

Dendritic cells

19
Q

What does an activated macrophage initiate?

A

A powerful inflammatory response by becoming a voracious phagocytic killer =

20
Q

What are the similarities between Humour and cell mediated adaptive immunity?

A

Recognise and bind antigens

Allow for destruction using phagocytes/lympocytes

Eliminate antigen
Create effector and memory T cells

21
Q

What are the main differences between Humour and cell mediated adaptive immunity?

A

Mediation ( Antibody vs cell)

Receptor (extracellular vs intracellular)

cell use (B cells vs Helper T cells, cytotoxic cells and APCs)

22
Q

What are the four ways we develop immunity?

A

Natural acquired active
Natural acquired passive
Artificially acquired active
Artificially acquired passive

23
Q

Are vaccines immunogenic or pathogenic?

A

Immunogenic but not pathogenic

24
Q

What are the four types of vaccines?

A

Live attenuated
Inactivated living organisms
Protein subunit vaccines
gene-based vaccines

25
Q

What are the two type of gene-based vaccines?

A

Viral vector

DNA/RNA vaccines

26
Q

What is an example of a protein subunit vaccine?

A

Hep B and HPV

27
Q

What are the two types of vaccine constituents?

A

Source of antigen

Additives

28
Q

What are the sources of antigens for vaccines?

A

Live/ inactivated bacteria/virus

Subunit of bacteria/virus

Recombinant bacteria/virus

Expression plasmid (DNA vaccine)

29
Q

What are the additives of vaccines?

A

Adjuvants -

Stabilizers

Diluents

Preservatives

Remnants from manufacturing process

Formaldehyde and antibiotics

CTL (11 decks)

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