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CTL > Pathology > Flashcards

Pathology Flashcards

wk 12

1
Q

what is pathology?

A

study of structural, biochemical and functional changes in cells, tissues and organs that UNDERLIE DISEASE

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2
Q

What is Aetiology?

A

Causes of disease

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3
Q

What is pathogenesis?

A

underlying mechansims of disease

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4
Q

What is morphological changes in terms of pathophysiology?

A

Structural alterations in cells or tissue = characteristics of disease OR diagnostic of aetiologic process

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5
Q

What are Functional abnormalities in terms of pathophysiology?

A

End result of genetic, biochemical and structural changes in cells and tissues

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6
Q

What are the five major aspects of disease processes?

A

Aetiology, Pathogenesis, morphological changes, functional abnormalities and clinical manifestations

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7
Q

What are clinical manifestations in pathology?

A

Functional consequences of morphological changes and functional abnormalities

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8
Q

When does cell injury occur?

A

When adaptive capability is exceeded or external stress is inherently harmful.

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9
Q

If stress to the cell is mild and transient what occurs?

A

reversible cell injury with limits

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10
Q

If stress is severe or persistent what occurs?

A

Irreversible cell injury

cell death

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11
Q

What can cells do in response to tress and stimuli before cell injury occurs?

A

Adaption- reversible actions that creates a new steady state to preserve viability and function.

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12
Q

What are the two types of adoptions that our cells can undergo when stress occurs?

A

Physiological and pathological adaptions

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13
Q

What is an example of a cell response to stress and noxious stimuli?

A

Myocytes of the heart:

adapt to increase load (hypertrophy)

cell injury: reversibly injury myocyte –> cell death

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14
Q

What are physiological adaptions?

A

Response to NORMAL stimulation by hormones and endogenous chemical mediators

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15
Q

What are pathological adaptions?

A

When cells module their structure and function to escape injury

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16
Q

What occurs in pathological hyperplasia

A

excessive hormonal or growth factor stimulation

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17
Q

What occurs in physiological hyperplasia?

A

Hormonal or compensatory (part of a tissue moved due to cancerous growth)

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18
Q

When does hypertrophy occur and what is it due to?

A

Occurs when cells are incapable of dividing and due to increased production of cellular proteins.

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19
Q

When does hyperplasia occur?

A

Adaptive response in cells capable of replication

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20
Q

What are the causes of atrophy?

A

decreased workload, loss of innervation, decreased blood supply, inadequate nutrition. Loss of endocrine stimulation and aging.

decreased protein synthesis and protein degradation

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21
Q

What is atrophy?

A

Reduction in size of organ or tissue

Due to decreased cell size and number

Function diminished but not dead

22
Q

What is metaplasia?

A

One adult cell is replaced by another adult cell type that is better able to withstand adverse environment

23
Q

How does metaplasia occur?

A

reprogramming of stem cells in normal tissues OR undifferentiated mesenchymal cells

24
Q

What are the four cellular growth adaptions in response to stress?

A

Hypertrophy, hyperplasia, atrophy and metaplasia

25
Q

What allows for reverisble cell injury and at what stage does it occur?

A

IF damaging stimulus is removed in: early stages or mild forms of functional and morphological changes

26
Q

Is cell death normal?

A

Yes- it allows for maintenance of homeostasis but can be unintentional though injury

27
Q

What is the main characteristics of cell injury hallmarks?

A

Reduced oxidative phosphorylation = depletion of ATP

28
Q

What causes cellular swelling?

A

Changes in ion concentrations and water influx

29
Q

Describe Necrosis

A

PATHOLOGICAL process

Main pathway for common insults (ischemia, toxins, infectious agnets and trauma) = when damage to membranes is SEVERE

Unregulated enzymatic digestion

30
Q

What occurs in necrosis?

A

Unregulated enzymatic digestion

Initiates inflammation and enzymes leak out of lysosomes and into cytoplasm to digest cell

31
Q

What is Apoptosis?

A

NORMAL process: eliminate cells no longer needed and maintain steady number of cell populations

enzymatic degradation of proteins and DNA

32
Q

Is Apoptosis or Necrosis regulated? How?

A

Apoptosis

Tightly regulated - Mediated by activation of caspases

33
Q

What are the morphological alterations in injured cells?

A

micro and macroscopic features in damaged cells

progresses as cells becomes more damaged

34
Q

What are the reversible cell injuries?

A

Cell swelling (hydropic change)

Plasma membrane changes (blebbing, loss of microvilli)

Mitochondrial changes (swelling and appearance of clumps)

Dilation of ER (detachment of ribosomes)

Nuclear alterations (clumping of chromatin)

35
Q

What are the Morphologic alterations that occur during necrosis?

A

Increases eosinophilia (pink dye staining)

Nuclear shrinkage, fragmentation and dissolution

Breakdown of plasma membrane and organelle membranes

Calcification

Leakage and enzymatic digestion of cellular

36
Q

What are the Morphologic alterations that occur during Apoptosis?

A

Nuclear chromatin condensation

Formation of apoptotic bodies (fragments if nuclei in cytoplasm)

37
Q

What does the cellular response to injurious stimuli depend on?

A

Nature of injury

Duration

Severity

38
Q

What does the consequences of cell injury depend on?

A

Type, state and adaptability of injured cell

39
Q

what are the causes of cell injury?

A

Ischemia/ hypoxia

Chemical agents/ toxins

Infectious agents

Immune reactions

Mutations

Nutritional imbalances

Physical agents/ radiation

Aging

40
Q

What are the five mechanisms of cell injury?

A

ATO depletion
ROSs
ER Stress/misfolded proteins
DNA damage
inflammation

41
Q

What does the mechanism of ATP depletion cause for cell injury?

A

ATP Depletion and chemical injury (toxins)

42
Q

What does ROS’s cause in the body?

A

Chemcial agents/ toxins and aging

43
Q

what does the biomedical mechanism of ER stress and misfolded proteins result in?

A

Infectious agents, immune reactions, nutritional imbalances, aging

altered or dysfunctional proteins or accumulation of proteins that create disorders

44
Q

what does the biomedical mechanism of DNA damage result in?

A

Chemical agents/ toxins, Physical agents/ radiation, aging and mutations

45
Q

what does the biomedical mechanism of inflammation result in?

A

Infectious agents, immune reactions and aging

46
Q

How does the accumulation of misfolded proteins trigger apoptosis?

A

via the intrinsic pathway

47
Q

What is the main cause of necrotic death. Explain.

A

failure of energy-dependent functions –> reversible injury –> necrosis

48
Q

How does ATP depletion cause cell injury?

A

decreased activity of plasma membrane: Na/KATPase, changes I cellular energy metabolism, influx of Ca and reduction of protein synthesis.

49
Q

How does ROSs result in cell death?

A

causes damage to cell membranes, proteins, inactivation of enzymes and nucleic acid damage = increased permeability of membranes = necrosis

50
Q

What is autophagy?

A

Survival mechanism in times of nutrient deprivation in which cell eats its own contents

51
Q

Describe the process of autophaghy.

A

Initiated by nutrient-sending proteins

Sequestration of cellular organelles —> autophagic vacuoles –> vacuoles fuse with lysosomes –> lysosomes digest enclosed material

52
Q

What are the main mechanisms that result in cellular aging?

A

Accumulation of DNA damage and defective DNA repair mechanisms

Replicate senescence – reduced capacity of cells to divide

Defective protein homeostasis

CTL (11 decks)

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