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Nervous tissue Flashcards

wk 6

1
Q

What are the three functions of nervous system?

A

sensory, integrative and motor

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2
Q

describe sensory function of the nervous system.

A

Receptors detect internal stimuli or external stimuli

Information carried to brain and pinal cord via cranial and spinal nerves

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3
Q

Describe integrative function of the nervous system.

A

Process information by analysing and making decision about appropriate response= integration

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4
Q

What is the impact of the effector on muscles and glands?

A

Stimulation of effecter causes muscles to contract and glands to secrete.

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5
Q

Describe the motor function of the nervous system.

A

After integration: system elicits an appropriate response by activating effectors (muscles and glands)

Though cranial and spinal nerves

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6
Q

What is the input to the CNS from periphery called?

A

afferent division

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7
Q

what is afferent division stimulated by?

A

sensory and visceral stimuli

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8
Q

What are the three components of a neuron?

A

cell body, dendrite and axon

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9
Q

what is the function of the neuron?

A

are specialised communication cells

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10
Q

What are the two synaptic neurons?

A

Presynaptic and posy-synaptic

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11
Q

What does a presynaptic neuron do?

A

sends nerve impulses towards another cell

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12
Q

what does a postsynaptic neuron do?

A

receives a nerve impulse and responds to it.

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13
Q

What are the three structural types of neurons?

A

Multipolar, bipolar and unipolar

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14
Q

Where are multipolar neurons found?

A

Mostly in brain and spinal cord

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15
Q

What are two multipolar neurons and their purpose?

A

Motor neurons - take action potentials away from CNS

Interneurons (most)
In-between sensory and motor

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16
Q

Where are bipolar neurons found?

A

in the ear and retina

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17
Q

What are uniploar neurons and what is their function?

A

sensory receptors: take sensory information towards the CNS

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18
Q

What are the 4 types of Glial cells?

A

Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia and ependymal cells

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19
Q

what is the largest and most common cell of the CNS?

A

Astrocyte

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20
Q

what are the functions of astrocytes?

A

support neurons

Assist in forming blood brain barrier

Help maintain correct chemical environment

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21
Q

What are Glial cells

A

Non neuronal cells in the CNS and peripheral nervous system

Don’t produce electrical impulses

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22
Q

what is the function of Oligodendrocytes?

A

Form and maintain myelin sheath around axons

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23
Q

what are microglia and their purpose?

A

phagocytes

Remove cellular waste and debris

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24
Q

what structural features do ependymal cells have?

A

microvilli and cilia

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25
What is the function of epidenymal cells?
produce spinal fluid and assist in moving it around
26
What is the structure of the blood brain barrier?
endothelial cells of capillaries and astrocytes held together by tight junctions
27
what are the two functions of the blood brain barrier?
Protects -brain cells from substances and pathogens Selective barrier -prevent passage of substances into brain blood
28
What is the function of Shawn cells?
Form and maintain myelin sheath Involved in axon regeneration in PNS
29
what are the two functions of satellite cells?
Supports neurons Regulate flow of materials into cell bodies
30
Where do satellite cells reside and what are they a precursor to?
Between external lamina and sarcolemma Precursor to skeletal muscle cells
31
What does myelination allow for?
This insulates the axons and speed
32
What is grey matter?
Collection of neuronal cell bodies
33
What is white matter and why?
Bundles of axons (give a white appearance when myelinated)
34
Where is the spinal cord? Why?
Inside vertebral column This allows for protection and support
35
What are the 3 protective connective tissues that enclose the spinal cord and brain?
Dura, Arachnoid and pia mater
36
Describe the Dura Mater
Outermost layer Thick and tough
37
What and where is the subdural space?
between the dura and arachnoid mater contains interstitial fluid
38
describe the Pia mater
innermost layer and transparent
39
What and where s the sub aracnoid space?
between arachnoid and pia mater, has cerebral fluid
40
What is a nerve?
Bundle of axons in peripheral nervous system
41
What are each axons enclosed by?
endoneurium 
42
What wraps up each fascicle?
perineurium
43
What wraps up the whole nerve?
epineurium
44
why are nerves organs?
they contain more than one type of tissue
45
What are the two types of nerves?
Spinal and cranial
46
Describe the patellar (stretching) reflex.
Stretching stimulates sensory receptor (muscle spindle) Sensory neuron becomes excited (in integrating centre) sensory neuron activates motor neuron Motor neuron becomes excited Effector (on the same muscle) contracts and relieves the stretching
47
What are the four major regions of the brain?
Cerebrum, Diencephalon, brain stem and cerebellum
48
What are the 5 lobes of the cerebrum?
Frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal and insula
49
Which lobe is responsible for motor actions?
Frontal
50
Which lobe is responsible for sensory actions?
parietal
51
Which lobe is responsible for visual actions?
Occipital
52
Which lobe is responsible for auditory and language actions?
temporal
53
which lobe is resposnible for taste and memory?
insula
54
what is the output system?
efferent division
55
What is the somatic nervous system?
Skeletal system: voluntary movement controlled by neurons
56
Which efferent division is involuntary?
Autonomic nervous system
57
What are the two systems of the autonomic nervous system?
Sympathetic and parasympathetic
58
What does the sympathetic nervous system do?
Flight and fight for a survival system Turns down systems that don't need (digestion)
59
What does the parasympathetic nervous system do?
rest and digest system Kicks in after the threat is gone to bring us back to homeostasis rediverts blood back to the digestive system
60
What do the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems feed into?
smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands.
61
What are the two main types of neurons ?
Multipolar (motor) and unipolar (sensory)
62
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
31
63
Which types of nerve carries motor and sensory axons?
spinal nerves
64
What is the role of the cerebellum
smooths and coordinates skeletal muscle posture and balance
65
What is the role of the thalamus?
relays sensory input to cerebral cortex filters what information is important
66
What is the histological structure of grey matter and why?
highly nucleated (lots of purple dots) because grey matter contains the cell bodies.
67
Is white matter on the inside or the outside of the spinal cord?
outside- it had the axons so needs to spread the message out.
68
is a grey matter on the inside or the outside of the brain?
outside
69
What is the function of astrocytes?
support neurons, assist the formation of the blood-brain barrier and maintain the chemical environment
70
what is the function of oligodendrocytes?
forms and maintains the myelin sheath
71
what is the function of microglia and what structure do they have?
remove cellular waste and debris contains phagocytes.
72
what is the function of ependymal cells and what structures do they have?
produce spinal fluid and assist in moving the fluid around microvilli and cilia
73
What is the function of the cerebellum?
Smooths and coordinates contractions of skeletal muscles. Regulates posture and balance. May have role in cognition and language processing.
74
What is the function for the thalamus?
Relays almost all sensory input to cerebral cortex.
75
What is the function of the hypothalamus?
Produces hormones, regulates fluid balance and controls body temperature.
76
What is the epithalamus?
Consists of pineal gland (secretes melatonin) – circadian rhythm.
77
What is the function of the superior colliculi in the midbrain?
coordinate movements of head, eyes, and trunk in response to visual stimuli
78
What is the function of inferior colliculi in the midbrain?
coordinate movements of head, eyes, and trunk in response to auditory stimuli.
79
What is the main function of Pons?
Respiration (together with the medulla) helps control breathing. *Convey ascending and descending information
80
What is the function of the medulla oblongata?
regulates heartbeat and blood vessel diameter (cardiovascular centre)
81
What does the frontal lobe control?
motor
82
what does the parietal lobe control?
sensory
83
what does the occipital lobe control?
visual
84
What does the temporal lobe control?
auditory and language
85
what does the insula lobe control?
taste memoryPka
86
What are the three parts of the peripheral system?
Ganglian, spinal and cranial nerves

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