Pharmacology Flashcards
What are 2 routes of administration?
Enterac
Parenteral
What is enterac?
Gastrointestinal tract involved eg. Oral
What is parenteral?
Non gastrointestinal tract involved eg. IM, IV, SC injections
With local or systemic effect
What is the most common drug target?
Receptors
What binds to receptors?
Ligands
Ligands can either be ….. or ……
Agonists or antagonists
Affinity = ?
Efficacy = ?
Binding
Activation
What is an agonist?
What is the affinity and efficacy of it?
A compound that binds to a receptor and activates it
Full affinity (how well it binds)
Full efficacy (how well receptors activated)
What is an antagonist? What is its affinity and efficacy?
A compound that reduces the effect of an agonist
Full affinity (fully bind)
Zero efficacy (inactivate receptor)
Most receptors are what type of receptors?
G protein coupled receptors
What does potency mean?
How well a drug works (strength)
How much drug is needed to elicit response in body
What does E(max) mean?
Maximal value (efficacy)
What does EC50 mean?
Volume of 50% of sigmoid (half maximal response)
Drugs can either be ….. or non ….
Give example
Selective
Non selective
Beta blocker
A beta blocker is what type of drug?
Antagonist
What are the names of the 2 types of BB, selective or non selective, what receptors they work on?
Propranolol - non selective bb, bind to B1 and B2 receptors
Verapamil - selective bb, bind to B1 receptors only
What are the drugs called that have the opposite affect of beta blockers?
Beta adrenergic agonists
What are 2 examples of beta adrenergic agonists?
Isoprenaline - non selective beta agonist - binds to both beta 1 and 2 (increases Contractility and vasoconstriction )
SAB2A - selective b2 agonist - only bronchodilation
Enzymes
What are the 2 main examples of enzyme inhibitors?
Cox-1
ACE-i
What drug is used to inhibit Cox-1?
NSAIDS
What do NSAIDs do to Cox-1?
What can this lead to?
NSAIDs inhibit Cox-1
This decreases prostaglandin production
(Prostaglandins maintain mucosal lining)
Decreased prostaglandins = gastric ulcers (GI bleeds too)
What does ACE-inhibitor do?
It inhibits angiotensin 1 converting to angiotensin 2
Anti hypertensive
Side effects-hypercalcaemia, dry cough
Transporters are mostly dependent on?
ATP
What are some types of drugs that affect transporters?
PPI
Diuretics
SSRIs, TCA
PPIs
Example?
Mechanism?
Omeprazole
Irreversible inhibition of H+/K+ ATPase pumps
Therefore increase gastric pH
What are the 3 types of diuretics?
Loop diuretics
Thiazides
Spironolactone
Loop diuretics
Example?
Mechanism?
Furosemide
Ascending limb in loop of henle = inhibit NKCC2 symporter
Thiazides
Example?
Mechanism?
Bendroflumethiazide
Distal convoluted tubule - inhibit NaCl co transporter
Spironolactone
Mechanism?
Collecting ducts
Inhibits aldosterone action, K+ sparing diuretic
Which drugs affect ion channels?
Calcium channel blockers
Local anaesthetic
Examples of CCBs
Mechanisms and what does it cause?
Amlodipine, verapamil, dilitiazam
Ca2+ influx = vasoconstriction and increased Contractility
Local anaesthetic example?
Mechanism?
Lidocaine
Block Na+ voltage gated channels, therefore no fast
Na + influx therefore no AP
What is a specific drug and a selective drug?
Acts on a certain target
Acts on a subtype of target eg. Cardioselective bb inhibit B1 adenoreceptors not B2
