Pharmacology

Question 1

Chemical signals released from one cell only produce a response in the cells which…?

Answer 1

Express the right receptor.

Question 2

If a signalling molecule is lipid soluble, what does this allow them to do?

Answer 2

Diffuse through the lipid layer of the cell membrane.

Question 3

Where are the receptors that signalling molecules bind to?

Answer 3

In the nucleus or in the cytosol.

Question 4

What does nitric oxide bind to?

Answer 4

Soluble guanylyl cyclase in the cytosol

Question 5

What is the response when nitric oxide binds to guanylyl cyclase?

Answer 5

Generates cGMP as 2nd messenger that regulates cell activity

Question 6

The receptors for steroid hormones are also often…?

Answer 6

Transcription factors

Question 7

Where do hydrophilic signalling molecules bind to?

Answer 7

Receptors on the surface of a molecule

Question 8

Which type of surface receptor interacts with the cytoskeleton?

Answer 8

Integrin receptors

Question 9

Which kind of surface receptors do all their work via a middle man- the g-protien?

Answer 9

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs)

Question 10

Which type of surface receptors are bound to enzymes?

Answer 10

Receptor-enzymes

Question 11

Which type of surface receptors have intrinsic enzyme activity?

Answer 11

Rceptor-enzymes

Question 12

What is the biggest class of cell surface receptors?

Answer 12

G protein-coupled receptors

Question 13

What happens if the G protein-coupled receptor directs to ion channels?

Answer 13

Affects membrane potential and firing of action potentials

Question 14

Describe what would happen if a G-coupled receptor coupled to adenylyl cyclase?

Answer 14

Produces cAMP as 2nd messenger
Regulates protein kinase A activity
Phosphorylates target proteins and changes their activity

Question 15

Describe what would happen if a G-coupled receptor coupled to phospholipase C?

Answer 15

-Produces IP3 and DAG as 2nd messengers
-Releases Ca2+ and regulates protein kinase C activity
-Phosphorylates target proteins and changes their activity

Question 16

Name some sources of calcium so it can be used as a second messenger.

Answer 16

From internal stores via IP3-

Via inhibition of Ca2+ transport out of the cell

From outside the cell via voltage-gated or ligand-gated Ca2+ channels

Question 17

How is intracellular communication achieved?

Answer 17

Chemical signalling molecules acting on specific receptors

Question 18

Which type of mechanism ensures receptor activation triggers the appropriate response?

Answer 18

A range of signal transduction mechanims.

Question 19

Which type of mechanism ensures receptor activation triggers the appropriate response?

Answer 19

A range of signal transduction mechanism.

Question 20

What is a drug?

Answer 20

Any chemical agent that affects a biological system

Question 21

What is affinity determined by?

Answer 21

Strength of chemical attraction between drug and receptor

Question 22

What does a low EC50 indicate?

Answer 22

High affinity

Question 23

What is efficacy determined by?

Answer 23

How well the drug is at activating the receptor

Question 24

What do agonists do?

Answer 24

Agonists mimic normal effect of receptor

Question 25

What do antagonists do?

Answer 25

Antagonists block normal action of receptor

Question 26

What is the affinity of a full agonist?

Answer 26

High affinity

Question 27

What is the efficacy of a full agonist?

Answer 27

High efficacy

Question 28

What is the affinity of a partial agonist?

Answer 28

High affinity

Question 29

What is the efficacy of a partial agonist?

Answer 29

Medium efficacy

Question 30

What is the affinity of an antagonist?

Answer 30

High afficacy

Question 31

What is the efficacy of an antagonist?

Answer 31

No efficacy

Question 32

Define selective agonists.

Answer 32

Drugs that activate some receptor

Question 33

Define selective antagonists.

Answer 33

Drugs that block only some receptors.