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Year 1- Principles of Normal Function (FOM) > Cellular Respiration > Flashcards

Cellular Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

Where does cellular respiration occur?

A

Mitochondrial Matrix

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2
Q

How is this process (cellular respiration) different to glycolysis?

A

Produces a lot more energy

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3
Q

What does the process of cellular respiration occur?

A

Removes electrons and passes them on to form NADH + FADH2.

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4
Q

What % of all aerobic cell energy does this process produce?

A

90%.

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5
Q

Describe the evolution of the citric acid cycle.

A

Plant like molecules started to release oxygen which caused oxidation of all molecules which played a vital part in life. Therefore, the organisms adapted to use this oxygen to oxidise food molecules that were possible thorough glycolysis.

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6
Q

Give an example of a molecule which could now be oxidised thanks to this process.

A

Glucose.

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7
Q

Pyruvate and fatty acids are oxidised further in the mitochondrial matrix to form what?

A

Acetyl CoA

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8
Q

Why does acetyl CoA sit in the middle of the energy production?

A

It allows different intermediates into the main energy producing pathway.

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9
Q

What is acetyl CoA made from?

A

Pyruvate through the action of enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase.

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10
Q

Decarboxylation of pyruvate releases how many electrons and what form are these electrons in?

A

2

In the form of 2 H- ions

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11
Q

Describe the series of chemical reactions involved in the production of acetyl CoA.

A
  1. Decarboxylation of pyruvate molecule.
  2. Oxidation of the molecule.
  3. Transfer of CoA compelx.
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12
Q

Name a by product of the production of acetyl CoA.

A

Carbon dioxide

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13
Q

What does pyruvate dehydrogenase contain?

A

Ten copies of the following enzymes subunits- E1, E2 + E3

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14
Q

What does each enzyme subunit do?

A

Converts a different part of pyruvate into acetyl CoA.

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15
Q

What does E1 catalyse?

A

The decarboxylation of pyruvate.

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16
Q

What does E2 DO?

A

E2 transfers the acetyl group to coenzyme A

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17
Q

What does E3 do?

A

E3 recycles the lipoyllysine through the reduction of FAD, which is recyled by passing electrons to NAD+

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18
Q

What does oxaloacetate serve as?

A

An acceptor molecule

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19
Q

How many carbons are in the reaction after the production of acetyl CoA?

A

2

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20
Q

With the additional 2 carbons, how mant carbons are in the cycle now?

A

6

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21
Q

How does the body get back to only having four carbons?

A

Oxidising and decarboxylation of the compound gets rid of one C, and this process is repeated to get rid of the other carbon.
This carbon is released in the form of CO2.

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22
Q

After carbon dioxide has been released, there are four molecules of carbon left. What is the prupose of the rest of the cycle?

A

To convert the four carbon molecules into oxaloacetate.

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23
Q

Oxaloacetate and acetyl CoA join to form what molecule? What recation?

A

Citrate
Condenstaion

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24
Q

Oxidation of acetyl CoA forms?

A

Water and carbon dioxide.

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25
Q

The second half of the cycle is used to regenerate?

A

Oxaloacetate

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26
Q

Pyruvate dehydorgenase is regulated. What does this allow?

A

Control of how much acetyl CoA enters the cycle.

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27
Q

If the body has enough ATP, what can happen to the citric acid cycle?

A

Reduce the activity levels of the cycle.

28
Q

If we use up ATP in the body, for example in a working muscle, what starts to accumulate? What is the effect of the accumulation?

A

ADP

It is a signal that the pyruvate dehydrogenase should activate the cycle to begin harvesting more electrons and have more ATP.

29
Q

Summarise what happens if the cell has enough energy.

A

The levels of the cycle may be reduced until there is a build up of ADP which signals that pyruvate dehydrogenase should be activated to harvest more electrons and overall, produce ATP.

30
Q

Summarise what happens if the cell needs energy.

A

Pyruvate activates pyruvate dehydrogenase to start producing ATP (?)

31
Q

Name two points of control within the CAC which are irreversible.

A

isocitrate dehydrogenase
α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

32
Q

In terms of isocitrate dehydrogenase, how is the enzyme controlled?

A

Allosterically, through NADH and ATP concentrations.

33
Q

Name the compound(s) which-
-positively regulate
-negatively regulate

the cycle.

A

Positive = ADP
Negative = ATP and NADH

34
Q

List the negative modulators for α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

A

ATP, NADH and succinyl CoA

35
Q

What happens if we accumulate succinyl CoA and cannot continue the cycle?

A

Stop reaction involving α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase to ensure we don’t accumulate any further succinyl CoA.

36
Q

What do these control points allow?

A

Redirection of cellular resources.

37
Q

What happens if the cycle blocks the production of isocitrate dehydrogenase?

What can this lead to?

A

Causes a build up of citrate.

This can lead to shuttlling citrate into the cytoplasm causing phosphofructokinase to stop glycolysis

38
Q

When does α-ketoglutarate build up?

A

When α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase is inactive as it switches it’s production to amino acids.

39
Q

What type of pathway is the CAC?

A

Amphibiotic pathway and this means it has both anabolic and catabolic pathways.

40
Q

Fatty acids and steroid hormones can be synthesised form?

A

Citrate

41
Q

What can be synthesised from α-ketoglutarate?

A

Different amino acids

42
Q

What can be synthesised from succinyl CoA?

A

Porphyrins, heme

43
Q

What can amino acids be broken down into? (2 answers).

A
  1. Oxaloacetate
  2. α-ketoglutarate
44
Q

When cellular needs are met through the CAC, the building blocks for what can be produced?

A

Nucleotide bases, heme groups and proteins.

45
Q

What is the problem with providing molecules from the pathway of the CAC for synthesis?

A

Depletes the cell of citric acid cycle intermediates which can disrupt the rest of the cycle as the capacity has been reduced.

46
Q

What can happen when muscle cells need ATP after exercise?

A

Deplete the amount of oxaloacetate.

47
Q

Which enzyme catalyses the production of oxaloacetate from pyruvate?

A

Pyruvate carboxylase.

48
Q

When is pyruvate carboxylase active?

A

When acetyl CoA is present.

49
Q

What does isomaltase do?

A

Hydrolyses Alpha 1-6 bonds

50
Q

What does glucoamylase do?

A

Removes glycogen from non-reducing ends

51
Q

What does sucrase do?

A

Hydrolyses sucrose

52
Q

What does lactase do?

A

Hydrolyses lactose;

53
Q

After a meal, what will there be large amounst of in the body?

A

Glucose and NaCl

54
Q

How does NaCl and glucose get into cells?

A

Using a Na-glucose symporter

55
Q

How much can the Na-glucose symporter transport into the cell?

A

2 sodiums and one glucose

56
Q

Why can glucose-6-phosphate not diffuse out of the cell?

A

GLUT transporters won’t recognise it

57
Q

Name the enzyme which assists with the phosphorylation of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate in the liver.

A

Glucokinase

58
Q

Name the enzyme which assists with the phosphorylation of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate in tissues other than the liver.

A

Hexokinase

59
Q

In which form can you store glucose-6-phosphate?

A

Glycogen

60
Q

How many carbons in glucose?

A

6

61
Q

Why is glucose a good store of energy?

A

Lots of electorns

62
Q

What is the role of glucose 6 phosphatase?

A

Breaks G6P into glucose if glucose levels drop in blood

63
Q

Where can glucose 6 phosphatase not be produced?

A

In skeletal muscle

64
Q

What does glycogen get broken down into in skeletal muscle?

A

Lactate

65
Q

What enzyme adds glucose monomers to the growing chain that was started off bythe enzyme and glycogen?

A

Glycogenin

66
Q

How are glucose monomers removed in the degradation of glycogen?

A

Glucose monomers removed one at a time from the non-reducing ends as G1P

Year 1- Principles of Normal Function (FOM) (21 decks)

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