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Year 1- Principles of Normal Function (FOM) > Cells > Flashcards

Cells Flashcards

1
Q

What types of cells are eukaryotic?

A

Animal, plant, fungi, algae, protozoa

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2
Q

What types of cells are prokaryotic?

A

Bacteria, archaea.

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3
Q

What are the roles of the proteins embedded in the phospholipid bilayer?

A

They act as receptors to detect chemical messengers and signalling molecules in the fluid surrounding cells (extracellular fluid).

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4
Q

Do prokaryotic cells have nuclear membranes?

A

No.

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5
Q

Do eukaryotic cells have nuclear membranes?

A

Yes.

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6
Q

Are there any membrane bound organelles in prokaryotic cells?

A

No.

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7
Q

Are there any membrane bound organelles in eukaryotic cells?

A

Yes.

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8
Q

How does the cytoskeleton maintain internal cell order?

A

Holds organelles in place.

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9
Q

How does the cytoskeleton assist w intracellular transport?

A

Helps move organelles around the cell.

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10
Q

How does the cytoskeleton assist with movement?

A

Drives and guides cellular migration.

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11
Q

How does the cytoskeleton assist with the assembly of tissues?

A

Protein fibres of the cytoskeleton connect with protein fibres in the extracellular space.

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12
Q

Where would you find cilia?

A

Lungs

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13
Q

Give an example of a flagella.

A

Sperm

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14
Q

Describe the structure of cilia.

A

Short, usually multiple together. Move with stiff power stroke and flexible recovery stroke.

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15
Q

What do cilia do?

A

Help to move mucus.

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16
Q

Describe the structure of flagella?

A

Longer, usually more than one and has snakelike movement.

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17
Q

What is the nucleus enclosed in?

A

Nuclear membrane/envelope which, like all biological membranes, is a phospholipid bilayer.

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18
Q

How many different types of cells are we made up of?

A

Approx. 200

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19
Q

What are nuclioli?

A

Sites of ribosomal RNA synthesis and ribosome assembly.

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20
Q

Is the nuleus closely associated w the SER or the RER?

A

RER

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21
Q

Is the Golgi Apparatus a membrane bound organelle?

A

Yes

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22
Q

Are the SER and RER membrane bound organelles?

A

Yes

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23
Q

What do ribosomes do?

A

Synthesise proteins.

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24
Q

What does the RER do?

A

Modifies proteins.

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25
Q

What is the SER associated with?

A

Lipid and steroid hormone production and the metabolism of toxins.

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26
Q

What does the Golgi apparatus do?

A

Packages up protein in preparation for transport out of the cell.

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27
Q

Mitochondria is bound by…?

A

A phospholipid bilayer.

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28
Q

How many membranes do mitochondria have?

A

Two- outer and inner.

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29
Q

Describe the inner membrane of the mitochondria.

A

Has folds (cristae) which extends to the matrix.

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30
Q

Describe the outer membrane of the mitochondria.

A

Has pores.

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31
Q

The matrix of the mitochondria contains…?

A

Most of the enzymes required for metabolising foo molecules (e.g. Krebs Cycle).

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32
Q

What shape is the DNA of mitochondria?

A

Circular.

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33
Q

The mitochondria has it’s own…?

A

Ribosomes

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34
Q

Mitochondria can…

A
  1. synthesise most of their own proteins.
    2.self-replicate
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35
Q

Describe lysosomes and peroxisomes (in terms of where they are bound and what they do).

A

Membrane bound organelles containing enzymes. They separate enzymes from the rest of the cell and store them until needed.

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36
Q

Lysosomes are degrative; what does this mean?

A

They are responsible for the digestion of biological matter or digestion of engulfed particles.

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37
Q

Give an example of biological matter that lysosomes may digest.

A

Cells own materials/autophagy.

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38
Q

What do peroxisomal enzymes do?

A

They degrade long-chain fatty acids and other foreign toxic molecules.

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39
Q

What do the reactions caused by degradation of fatty acids by peroxisomal enzymes release?

A

Hydrogen peroxide (toxic).

40
Q

What do peroxisomes do to the hydrogen peroxide?

A

Break them using catalase enzymes which protects the cell.

41
Q

What does pluripotent mean?

A

Can differentiate into all cell types.

42
Q

What does multipotent mean?

A

Has limited differentiation ability and can differentiate into many cells types.

43
Q

How many different types of cell do we have?

A

200 approx.

44
Q

What happens to undifferentiated stem cells?

A

They divide and produce genetically identical daughter cells.

45
Q

How do daughter cells develop into different cells?

A

Differences in gene expression and the local cellular environment.

46
Q

Define apoptosis.

A

Programmed cell death. It is a normal cellular process.

47
Q

Define necrosis.

A

Untimely death of cells, in response to injruy or infection. It is not normal.

48
Q

What does cell proliferation mean?

A

A vast increase in the number of cells.

49
Q

If there is a loss in balance between cell proliferation and apoptosis, what may occur?

A

Cancer.

50
Q

What are the four basic elements of macromolecules?

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen.

51
Q

Name one of the seven elements required by the body in relatively large amounts.

A

Sodium, Magnesium, Potassium, Calcium, Phosphorus, Sulfur and Chlorine.

52
Q

Name one of the ‘trace’ elements which are essential for the body but only required in small amounts.

A

Iron, Iodine, Zinc.

53
Q

How does the body get the elements it requires?

A

Through the diet.

54
Q

How many electrons can fit in the first energy level?

A

2

55
Q

How many electrons can fit in the second energy level?

A

8

56
Q

How many electrons can fit in the third energy level?

A

18

57
Q

How many electrons can fit in the outermost energy level?

A

8

58
Q

Define molecule.

A

Two or more elements bonded together.

59
Q

Which element makes up the basis of almost all biomolecules? Why?

A

Carbon. Due to bonding versatility.

60
Q

Name some functional groups.

A

Hydroxyl, phosphate, amino, carboxyl (acid).

61
Q

Define configuration.

A

The fixed arrangement of atoms in a molecule.

62
Q

What is one disadvantage of carbon double bonds when it comes to structure?

A

Structure is very rigid and can only interconvert by breaking and reforming bonds which requires a lot of energy.

63
Q

What is the term used to describe groups on the same side as the double bond?

A

Cis.

64
Q

What term is used to describe groups on opposite sides of the double bond?

A

Trans.

65
Q

What is the other word for symmetrical?

A

achiral

66
Q

What is the other word for asymmetrical?

A

Chiral

67
Q

Asymmetrical carbon molecules can be either…

A

L (laevo) or D (dextro).

68
Q

Define conformation.

A

The spatial arrangement of groups that can have different positions in space due to the freedom of rotation of single bonds.

69
Q

Name the five chemical reactions of life.

A
  1. Redox
  2. Making and breaking of C-C bonds.
  3. Internal rearrangements.
  4. Group transfers
  5. Hydrolysis and condensation.
70
Q

OIL

A

Oxidation is loss (of electrons/negative charge so a gain of positive charge).

71
Q

RIG

A

Reduction is gain (of electrons/ negative charge).

72
Q

What kind of agent is NAD+?

A

Oxidising agent.

73
Q

What type of agent is NADH?

A

Reducing agent.

74
Q

Name a process involving the breaking of C-C bonds

A

Glycolysis.

75
Q

Name a process involving the making of C-C bonds

A

Gluconogenesis.

76
Q

Name a process involving the making of C-C bonds

A

Gluconeogenesis.

77
Q

Give an example of an internal rearrangement.

A

Glycolysis.

78
Q

Give an example of a group transfer.

A

Glycolysis.

79
Q

Define hydrolysis.

A

Breaking up a larger molecule using water.

80
Q

Define condensation.

A

Two smaller molecules combine to form a larger molecule and release water in the process.

81
Q

Name four macromolecules.

A

Protein, lipids, nucleic acids and carbohydrates.

82
Q

What reation forms polypeptide chains?

A

Condesation.

83
Q

What reaction forms polypeptide chains?

A

Condensation.

84
Q

Name the DNA base pairings.

A

Adenine-Thymine.
Guanine-Cytosine.

85
Q

Name the RNA base pairings.

A

Adenine-Uracil.
Guanine-Cytosine.

86
Q

What do lipids mainly consist of?

A

Repeating units of fatty acids.

87
Q

What do the bonds look like in saturated molecules?

A

All bonds are single.

88
Q

What do the bonds look like in a mono-unsaturated molecule?

A

There is one double bond.

89
Q

What do the bonds look like in a poly-unsaturated molecule?

A

There are more than one double bond.

90
Q

The more unsaturated???

A

The more double bonds.

91
Q

What is trglyceride made up of?

A

Glycerol + 3 fatty acids.

92
Q

What are phospholipids composed of?

A

Glycerol + 2 fatty acids + phosphate group.

93
Q

What are sterols?

A

Structural lipids found in the cell membrane.

94
Q

What is the most important sterol in humans?

A

Cholestrol.

95
Q

What is an amphipathic molecule?

A

A molecule which has a hydrophobic part and a hydrophilic part.

96
Q

What do functional groups do?

A

Give specific properties to molecules.

97
Q

Is the cytoskeleton a organelle?

A

No

Year 1- Principles of Normal Function (FOM) (21 decks)

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