Nitrogen

Question 1

What do amino acids and nucleotides contain that carbs and fat doesn’t?

Answer 1

Nitrogen

Question 2

How do we get the nitrogen we need?

Answer 2

Through our diet.

Question 3

Why is there no need to replace some proteins?

Answer 3

They get ‘turned over’.

Question 4

WEhat is dietary fibre digested to form?

Answer 4

Amino acids used for metabolic pathways.

Question 5

Can the body store excess protein? If so, where. If not, what happens?

Answer 5

No.

Surplus protein has to be catalysed.

Question 6

What do enzymes do to proteins?

Answer 6

Act as a biological catalyst and break them down into amino acids.

Question 7

Which enzyme cuts protein into peptides in the stomach?

Answer 7

Pepsin.

Question 8

Trypsin and chymotrypsin cut proteins and larger peptides into smaller peptides in…?

Answer 8

The small intestine.

Question 9

Which enzymes then degrade peptides into amino acids in the small intestine?

Answer 9

Aminopeptidase and carboxypeptidases A and B

Question 10

What is the primary role of amino acids?

Answer 10

Building blocks for proteins.

Question 11

Name two essential amino acids.

Answer 11

Leucine, lysine, phenylalanine, valine.

Question 12

What cycle removes excess nitrogen from the body?

Answer 12

Urea cycle.

Question 13

What are intracellular proteins broekn down into?

Answer 13

Amino acids.

Question 14

Just read this lol i love this guy

Answer 14

Dietary fibre broken down, intracellular proteins broken down, big pool of amino acids, some of which form proteins, some of which is gotten rid of xoxoxox

Question 15

Amino acids can be targeted for destruction if…?

Answer 15

They are misfolded, foreign or unwanted as they all end up as individual amino acids.

Question 16

How do people get enzyme deficiency?

Answer 16

Usually genetically inherited.

Question 17

Describe the basic process of a metabolic pathway.

Answer 17

Metabolic pathways pass molecules on from one to another. If anything is wrong and stops something getting passed on, this can impact the amount of product produced.

Question 18

If there is a block in a metabolic pathway, what happens?

Answer 18

There is a build up and molecules go down a side pathway.

Question 19

What is PKU?

Answer 19

Absence/deficiency of enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase.
It’s inherited b7y autosomal inheritance.
Associated w high phenylalanine levels which can be toxic.

Question 20

How can PKU be treated?

Answer 20

If it is diagnosed in the early stages, it can be treated effiecently.

Question 21

How can PKU be treated?

Answer 21

If it is diagnosed in the early stages, it can be treated efficiently.

Question 22

When is neonatal screening for PKU?

Answer 22

Five days after birth (once the metabolic pathways have been established and have been tested out).

Question 23

What are some symptoms of PKU?

Answer 23

-Often normal at birth w normal blood Phe levels.
-Phe levels may rise when feeding is established.
-Days 3-4 may present w irritability and feeding difficulties.

Question 24

If PKU is untreated, hwo long will it take to be noticed and by what features?

Answer 24

Six months- delayed mental development and neurological features are evident by six months.

Question 25

What is the treatment for PKU?

Answer 25

Regulated low protein diet w a protein supplement.
Vitamins are monitored and trace element status.

Question 26

What can happen if ammonia levels are too high?

Answer 26

Brain damage.

Question 27

What can happen to ammonia?

Answer 27

Be used to make other amino acids or get transported to the urea system.

Question 28

Describe the urea cycle simply.

Answer 28

Ammonia goes in (harmful), urea comes out (harmless).

Question 29

If ammonia levels are too high, waht is this?

Answer 29

MEDICAL EMERGENCY… WILL NOT WAIT. GET A METABOLIC EXPERT.

Question 30

Name three potential dangers of high ammonia.

Answer 30

Neurological damage, seizures, death.