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Year 1- Principles of Normal Function (FOM) > Homeostasis > Flashcards

Homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

Define the term homeostasis.

A

Process describing the maintenance of the internal environment of the body.

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2
Q

Why is it important to maintain an internal environment?

A

The body needs to be kept at a constant temperature to ensure all chemical reactions can take place without being disrupted.
If the internal environment changed, we would die.

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3
Q

What is the optimum temperature for the body?

A

37 degrees.

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4
Q

When does diabetes occur?

A

When the body can no longer maintain it’s optimal blood glucose concentration.

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5
Q

Why does homeostasis require integration of organ systems?

A

To maintain balance and optimal conditions for cells to function.

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6
Q

How can homeostasis be maintained?

A

If the input and output are balanced.

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7
Q

Name three everyday challenges to internal environment.

A

External temperature
Cellular access to nutrients
Exercise

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8
Q

What happens if the body fails to compensate for loss of homeostasis?

A

Disease/illness/death.

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9
Q

Name the three mechanisms used to maintain homeostasis.

A

Negative feedback
Positive feedback
Feed-forward

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10
Q

Many diseases are associated w the disfunction/loss of ???

A

Negative feedback systems.

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11
Q

What does a negative feedback mechanism do?

A

Triggers a response.

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12
Q

Why is it known as a ‘negative’ feedback mechanism?

A

The condition that triggers the response has to be removed/ ‘switched off’.

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13
Q

The size of response regarding negative feedback mechanisms is equal to?

A

The size of disturbance,

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14
Q

While negative feedback restores the regulated condition after initial disturbance, what can’t it do?

A

Prevent it from happening.

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15
Q

What do feed-forward mechanisms do?

A

The anticipate change and activate a response earlier to try and reduce any damage.

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16
Q

What do positive feedback mechanisms do?

A

They set off a chain reaction that often leads to greater disturbance.

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17
Q

Which area are positive feedback mechanisms common in?

A

Pathology

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18
Q

Give one example of a positive feedback mechanism.

A

Active potential.

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19
Q

In general, what is the aim of medicine?

A

To restore homeostasis when disturbed by illness/disease.

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20
Q

How is water balance controlled?

A

Homeostatically.

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21
Q

What % of your body is made up of water?

A

Approx 60-70%.

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22
Q

How much water does a human gain in a day? (approx.)

A

2.5 litres

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23
Q

How do humans lose water?

A

Sweating, breathing, excretion.

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24
Q

Name a process which maintains to input of water balance.

A

Thirst mechanisms.

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25
Q

What helps to maintain the output of water.

A

Regulated by the kidneys.

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26
Q

Why may there be a conflict between maintaining internal water balance and temperature?

A

Sweating is used to maintain internal body temperature but will impact water balance.

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27
Q

Name the three compartments in which water is a component of.

A
  1. Intracellular fluid
  2. Interstitial fluid (extracellular fluid)
  3. Plasma (extracellular fluid)
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28
Q

What is meant by the term ‘intracellular fluid’?

A

Fluid found inside cells.

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29
Q

What is meant by the term ‘interstitial fluid’?

A

Fluid found between cells.

30
Q

What is meant by the term ‘plasma’?

A

The fluid component of blood.

31
Q

What are the two types of extracellular fluid?

A

Plasma and Interstitial fluid.

32
Q

Can water move through these compartments?

A

Yes- water can move freely through all compartments.

33
Q

What is the movement of water dependant on?

A

Osmosis.

34
Q

Why is the composition of the extracellular fluid important?

A

The survival of the body is dependant on the composition as it must be compatible with it’s own cells.

35
Q

Although very similar, how does the composition of the plasma and the interstitial fluid differ?

A

Plasma contains protein- interstitial does not.

36
Q

Why is the composition of the intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid different?

A

The cell membrane that separates the two is very fussy about what can be let through it as it is selectively permeable.

37
Q

What molecule cannot pass through the cell membrane between the plasma and interstitial fluid and why?

A

Protein because it is too big.

38
Q

In the average man (70kg), how much will plasma make up approx?

A

3l

39
Q

In the average man (70kg), how much will interstitial fluid make up?

A

11l

40
Q

In the average man (70kg), how much does extracellular fluid make up in total?

A

23l

41
Q

In the average man (70kg), how much does intracellular fluid make up?

A

28l

42
Q

While water can pass through all cell membranes and compartments, what cannot?

A

Ions

43
Q

Capillary walls are permeable to everything but…?

A

Plasma protein and blood cells.

44
Q

How much water does the average body have?

A

42l

45
Q

How much more intracellular fluid do humans have compared to extracellular fluid?

A

Twice as much ICF.

46
Q

How much of extracellular fluid is interstitial fluid?

A

Approx. 80%.

47
Q

How much of extracellular fluid is plasma?

A

Approx. 20%.

48
Q

What does hyper mean?

A

Greater than normal

49
Q

What does hypo mean?

A

Less than normal

50
Q

What does the suffix emia/aemia mean?

A

In the blood

51
Q

What does uria mean?

A

In the urine.

52
Q

What does glyc mean?

A

Related to glucose.

53
Q

What is the only fluid compartment of blood and how can it be accessed?

A

Plasma and using a blood sample.

54
Q

Where does the exchange of the nutrients between the plasma and interstitial fluid take place?

A

In the capillaries.

55
Q

/What is the equation for the dilution principle?

A

v=m/c

56
Q

What part is crucial when determining the test substance?

A

The nature of the barriers.

57
Q

How can plasma be measured directly?

A

Using dye (e.g. Evan’s blue).

58
Q

What kind of dye can be used to measure plasma?

A

Evans blue

59
Q

How can we measure total body water?

A

Using a loading dose of heavy water.

60
Q

How is the volume of interstitial fluid measured indirectly?

A

ISF=ECF-PV

61
Q

How can the volume of intracellular fluid be measured indirectly?

A

IF=TBW-ECF

->tbw=total body water

62
Q

How do you practice the dilution principle?

A

Inject a substance that will remain in one compartment (takeaway any lost through excretion etc) and calculate the volume of distribution.

-> amount injected / concentration in fluid sample.

63
Q

What compartments could you inject a substance into and know it will remain in that one place?

A

Plasma, ECF, TBW

64
Q

Why does the composition of ICF different from ECF (especially for ions)?

A

Because the membrane is selectively permeable.

65
Q

What are the dominant ions in the ICF?

A

Potassium ions.

66
Q

What are the dominant ions in the ECF?

A

Sodium and chloride ions.

67
Q

Why is the large concentration gradient between ICF and ECF important?

A

It is fundamental for nerve and muscle function.

68
Q

All protein in the extracellular fluid is found where?

A

In the plasma.

69
Q

If a healthy woman increased her potassium intake by 8.6 when it was originally 7.2, what would it be after a week?

A

7.2 as if she is healthy, kidneys should get rid of any excess,

70
Q

If ECF potassium conc. increased beyond the normal range, what would happen?

A

Less of a conc. gradient so loss of muscle and nerve function.
If healthy, kidneys should remove excess.
Disease/illness may occur if not sorted.

Year 1- Principles of Normal Function (FOM) (21 decks)

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