pharmacology

Question 1

Answer 1

topical drops

Question 2

what is required for topical drops?

Answer 2

• required to act on surface

- require corneal penetration

Question 3

is epithelium hydrophilic or hydrophobic

Answer 3

hydrophobic (lipophilic)

Question 4

is stroma hydrophilic or hydrophobic

Answer 4

hydrophilic (lipophobic)

Question 5

what do lipid soluble drugs penetrate?

Answer 5

epithelium

Question 6

is prednisolone acetate hydrophobic/philic?

Answer 6

hydrophobic

Question 7

is prednisolone phosphate hydrophobic/philic?

Answer 7

hydrophilic

Question 8

what is benzalkonium used for?

Answer 8

-preservative disrupts the lipid layer of tear film and aids penetration of some drugs

Question 9

what should patients do to stop eye drops travel systemically?

Answer 9

cover the ducts

Question 10

how may you administer drugs injection?

Answer 10

(AI and steroids)- sub-conjunctival

(anaesthetic) -subtenons (under conjuntiva)

• intravitrael (anti vegf for age related disease)
• intracameral (goes into anterior chamber used for antibiotics)

Question 11

what is the most common topical antibiotic?

Answer 11

chloramphenicol

Question 12

Answer 12

oflaxicin

Question 13

what are steroids used for?

Answer 13

suppress inflammation

used for:

• post op cataracts
• uveitis
• to prevent corneal graft rejection

Question 14

what eye complications does temporal arteritis (GCA) cause?

Answer 14

• blindness or partial blindness

- anterior ischaemic neuropathy

Question 15

side effects of steroids?

Answer 15

Question 16

most common topical steroid?

Answer 16

-dexamethasone/prednisolone acetate

Question 17

treatment for glaucoma?

Answer 17

-glaucoma eye drops

Question 18

symptoms of glaucoma?

Answer 18

• usually asymptomatic

- slowly progresses and start to lose peripheral field

Question 19

risk factors for glaucoma?

Answer 19

• FH
• ethnicity (black american, asian)
• thin cornea
• uveitis

Question 20

what is some glaucoma medication?

Answer 20

Question 21

first line tretment for acute angle glaucoma?

Answer 21

first line= laser treatment

unless there is a difference in pressure and then first line is medication

Question 22

when is intravitreal used?

Answer 22

Question 23

what is this?

Answer 23

endophthalmitis

-white line at bottom is build up of inflammatory and white blood cells

Question 24

what is this?

Answer 24

• wet macular degeneration

- wear and tear of back of the eye

Question 25

who is wet macular degeneration usually seen in?

Answer 25

-older patients

Question 26

treatment for wet macular degeneration?

Answer 26

• vaso endothelial growth factor

- vegf injection injected intravitreal

Question 27

MOA od local anaesthetic?

Answer 27

blocks sodium channel and impedes nerve conduction

Question 28

what is local anaesthetic used in?

Answer 28

Question 29

what is diagnostic dye most commonly used in?

Answer 29

-fluorescein

Question 30

what are examples of mydriatics?

Answer 30

• tropicamide

- cyclopentolate

Question 31

what does sympathomimetics work on?

Answer 31

sympathetic system

Question 32

what should never be given as treatment for herpetic keratitis?

Answer 32

steroids

Question 33

Answer 33

pilocorpine

Question 34

what does atropine and tropicomide do?

Answer 34

dilate the pupil

Question 35

what is a side effect of chloroquine? (used to treat SLE)

Answer 35

maculopathy

Question 36

what is a side effect of ethambutol? (treats TB)

Answer 36

optic nerve athropy? need to check

Question 37

Answer 37

metal