Pharmacologic Principles Flashcards
Any chemical that affects physiologic processes of a living organism
DRUG
It is the study / science of drugs
PHARMACOLOGY
Chemical composition & molecular structure of drug
CHEMICAL NAME
-Nonproprietary name
-Name given by the US adopted names council
GENERIC NAME
-Proprietary name
-Drug registered trademark
- “Brand name”
TRADE NAME
No. patency years (names)
17 years
Drugs are grouped together based on their similar properties
DRUG CLASSIFICATION
Drug Classifications:
- Structure
- Therapeutic use
Study of how various drug forms influence the way in which the drug affects the body
PHARMACEUTICS
- Is the process of drug movement throughout the body necessary to achieve drug action
- What he body does to the drug
- ADME
PHARMACOKINETICS
ADME
ABSORPTION
DISTRIBUTION
METABOLISM
EXCRETION
After absorption of oral drugs from the GI tract, they pass from the
intestinal lumen to the liver via the portal vein. In the liver, some drugs are metabolized to an inactive form and are excreted, thus reducing the amount of active drug available to exert a pharmacologic effect. This is referred to as ____
FIRST PASS EFFECT
- The study of the effects of drugs on the body
- What the drug does to the body
- Acted by drug-receptor relationship
PHARMACODYNAMICS
is the body’s physiologic response to
changes in drug concentration at the site of action
DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP
refers to the amount of drug needed to elicit a specific physiologic response to a drug
POTENCY
What phase:
Disintegration of dosage form: dissolution of drug in the body
P1: PHARMACEUTICAL PHASE
What phase:
ADME
P2: PHARMACOKINETIC
Drug-receptor interaction
P3: PHARMACODYNAMICS
Clinical use of drugs to prevent/treat diseases
PHARMACOTHERAPEUTICS
Study of natural sources (vs. synthetic) drug sources
PHARMACOGNOSY
The marketability of the drug
PHARMACOECONOMICS
Pharmaceutic phase:
Breakdown of tablet into smaller particles
DISINTEGRATION
Pharmaceutic Phase:
Dissolving of the smaller particles in the GI Fluid before absorption
DISSOLUTION
2 Pharmaceutic Phases
- Disintegration
- Dissolution
the movement of the drug into the bloodstream after administration
ABSORPTION
Drugs absorbed into systemic circulation thru oral / gastric mucosa / small intestine
ENTERAL
Applying of drugs topically to mouth
ORAL ROUTE
Dosage form placed under the tongue
SUBLINGUAL
Dosage form placed between gums & inner lining of the cheek (buccal pouch)
BUCCAL ROUTE
Suppositories / Enema
RECTAL ROUTE
Fastest delivery of drug into blood circulation
INTRAVENOUS (IV)
Administration directly to the surface of skin
TOPICAL
Describes the way that a drug is released from its administered from
LIBERATION
Formulated to release medicinal drug without delay
IMMEDIATE
Formulated to release drug sometime after it is taken
DELAYED
Makes drug available over extended period of time
EXTENDED RELEASE
relies on a carrier protein
to move the drug from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. Doesn’t require energy.
FACILITATED DIFFUSION
drugs move across the cell membrane from an area of higher concentration
to one of lower concentration.
DIFFUSION
requires a carrier, such as an enzyme
or protein, to move the drug against a concentration gradient. Energy is
required.
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
A process by which cells carry a drug across their membranes by engulfing the drug particles in a vesicle.
PINOCYTOSIS
Refers to the percentage of administered drug available for
activity
BIOAVAILABILITY
For orally administered drugs, bioavailability is affected by ___
ABSORPTION & FIRST-PASS EFFECT
is the movement of the drug from the circulation to body tissues.
DISTRIBUTION
Transport of drug by the bloodstream to its site of action
DISTRIBUTION
are able to exit blood vessels and reach their site of action, causing a pharmacologic response.
FREE DRUGS
Areas of LOW distribution
- Skin
- Muscle
- Fat
Areas of RAPID distribution:
- Brain
- Heart
- Liver
- Kidney
Blood vessels in the brain have a special endothelial lining where the cells are pressed tightly together. This is referred to as: _______
BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER
process by which the body
chemically changes drugs into a form that can be excreted.
METABOLISM / BIOTRANSFORMATION
Biochemical alteration of a drug into an inactive metabolite, a mores soluble compound, more potent active metabolite, or less active metabolite
METABOLISM / BIOTRANSFORMATION
A compound that is metabolized into an active pharmacologic substance. It is often designed to improve drug bioavailability; instead of administering a drug directly, a corresponding _____ might be
used instead to improve pharmacokinetics
PRODRUG
Elimination of drugs from the body
EXCRETION
The time it takes for the amount of drug in the body to be reduced by half
HALF-LIFE
Measure of the rate at which drug is removed from the body
HALF-LIFE
occurs when the amount of drug being administered is the same as the amount of drug being
eliminated
STEADY STATE (plateau drug level)
Large initial dose
LOADING DOSE
Tests to determine renal function:
- Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
- Creatinine
____ is a metabolic by-product of muscle excreted by the kidneys
CREATININE
_____ is the metabolic breakdown product of protein metabolism
UREA NITROGEN
Cellular processes involved in the drug & cell interaction
DRUG ACTIONS
Physiologic reaction of body to the drug
DRUG EFFECT
Time it takes for drug to ELICIT a therapeutic response
ONSET
Time it takes for a drug to REACH its MAXIMUM therapeutic response
PEAK
Time a drug CONCENTRATION is sufficient to elicit a therapeutic response
DURATION
The point at which increasing a
drug’s dosage no longer increases the desired therapeutic response is
referred to as _____
MAXIMAL EFFICACY
Is the study of the effects of drugs on the body
PHARMACODYNAMICS
describes the relationship between the therapeutic dose of a drug and the toxic dose of a drug
THERAPEUTIC INDEX
range of doses that produce a therapeutic response without
causing significant adverse effect in patients.
THERAPEUTIC RANGE
is the time it takes for a
drug to reach the minimum effective concentration (MEC) after
administration
ONSET
occurs when it reaches its highest concentration in the blood
PEAK
is the length of time the drug exerts a therapeutic effect
DURATION
Highest blood concentration of drug
PEAK DRUG LEVEL
he highest plasma concentration of drug at a specific time, and it indicates the rate of drug absorption
PEAK DRUG LEVEL
the lowest plasma concentration of a drug, and it measures the rate at which the drug is eliminated.
TROUGH DRUG LEVEL
Lowest blood concentration level of the drug
TROUGH DRUG LEVEL
Drugs act by binding to receptors. Binding of the drug may activate a
receptor, producing a response, or it may inactivate a receptor, blocking a
response.
RECEPTOR THEORY
Drugs that activate receptors and produce a desired response
AGONISTS
drugs that elicit only moderate activity when binding to receptors
PARTIAL AGONISTS
Drugs that prevent receptor activation and block a response
ANTAGONISTS
Substances that catalyzes biochemical reaction of cell
ENZYMES
Occurs when drug chemically binds to an enzyme molecule in such a way that it alters the enzyme’s interaction with its motmal target molecules in the body
DRUG-ENZYME INTERACTION
It reacts with multiple receptor sites and its main targets are cell membranes and various cellular processes.
NONSPECIFIC
Drugs that act on multiple receptors such as alpha1, beta1, and beta2 receptors
NONSELECTIVE
competes with the agonist for receptor sites
COMPETITIVE ANTAGONIST
binds to receptor sites and blocks the effects of the agonist
NONCOMPETITIVE ANTAGONIST
are secondary effects of drug therapy
SIDE EFFECTS
If the patient is critically ill and requires acute intensive therapy
ACUTE THERAPY
based on practical experience rather than on pure scientific data
EMPIRIC THERAPY
for patients with chronic conditions that don’t resolve
MAINTENANCE THERAPY
to replenish or substitute for missing
substances in the body
SUPPLEMENTAL / REPLACEMENT THERAPY
which doesn’t treat the cause of the disease but maintains other
threatened body systems until the patient’s condition resolves
SUPPORTIVE THERAPY
used for end-stage or terminal diseases to make the patient as
comfortable as possible.
PALLIATIVE THERAPY
treatments for prevention
PROPHYLACTIC THERSPY
Any characteristics of the px that makes the use of a given medication dangerous for the px
CONTRAINDICATIONS
Evaluating clinical response of px to the treatment
MONITORING
Ratio of drug’s toxic level to the level that provides therapeutic benefits
THERAPEUTIC INDEX
Drugs reach a certain concentration in the blood
DRUG CONCENTRATION
Decreasing response to repeated drug doses
TOLERANCE
Physiologic / psychological need for a drug
DEPENDENCE
Physiologic need for a drug to avoid physical withdrawal symptoms
PHYSICAL DEPENDENCE
“Addiction”. Obsessive desire for the euphoric effect of the drug
PSYCHOLOGICAL DEPENDENCE
Alteration of one drug by another
DRUG INTERACTIONS
2 drugs w/ similar action are given together
ADDITIVE EFFECT
2 drugs administered together interact in w/c combined effects are GREATER than the sum of the effects for each drugs given alone
SYNERGISTIC EFFECT
The clinical effect of the two
drugs given together is substantially greater than that of either drug alone.
SYNERGISTIC EFFECT
When drugs are administered together, one drug reduces or blocks the effect of the other.
ANTAGONISTIC EFFECT
Occurs when combination of 2 drugs results in drug effects LESS than the sum of the effects for each drug give separately
ANTAGONISTIC EFFECT
2 Parenteral drugs or solutions that are mixed resulting to chemical deterioration of one or both drugs
INCOMPATIBILITY
Any undesirable events involving medications
ADVERSE DRUG EVENTS
A preventable situation in which there is compromise in the rights of medication use
MEDICATION ERROR
Any reaction to a drug that is unexpected and undesirable which also occurs at therapeutic doses
ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS
are unintentional, unexpected reactions to drug therapy that occur at normal drug dosages. The reactions may be mild to severe and include anaphylaxis
ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS
Abnormal response to a drug
IDIOSYNCRATIC REACTION
Drug effects resulting to structural defects in fetus
TERATOGENIC
Effects resulting to permanent changes in genetic composition of living organisms. Alteration in chromosome structure
MUTAGENIC
Cancer-causing effect
CARCINOGENIC
occurs when drug levels exceed the therapeutic range
DRUG TOXICITY
refers to an acute, rapid decrease in response to a drug; it may occur after the first dose or after several doses
TACHYPHYLAXIS
is a drug response not attributed to the chemical properties of
the drug. The response can be positive or negative and may be influenced by the beliefs, attitudes, and expectations of the patient
PLACEBO EFFECT
study of poisons & unwanted responses to drugs & other chemicals
TOXICOLOGY
Drug Standards were established by
UNITED STATES PHARMACOPEIA NATIONAL FORMULARY (USP-NF)
Ensures safety
FEDERAL LEGISLATION
Monitor, regulate, manufacture, and marketing of drugs
FOOD, DRUG, AND COSMETIC ACT OF 1952
Established 2 classes of drugs: Rx & OTC
DURHAM-HUMPHREY AMENDMENT TO THE 1938 ACT
Prohibited sale of misbranded/adulterated food & drugs
PURE FOOD AND DRUG ACTS
Require that drug products, both prescription and non-prescription must be pure, effective, and safe
FEDERAL FOOD, DRUG, AND COSMETICS ACT OF 1938
Allows FDA to set manufacturing practices, mandated regular inspections of production facilities
KEFAUVER-HARRIS AMENDMENT
Mandate postmarketing studies
FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION AMENDMENTS ACT
Regulate cigarettes by various measures
FAMILY SMOKING PREVENTION AND TOBACCO CONTROL ACT
Quality and affordable health care
PATIENT PROTECTION & AFFORDABLE HEALTHCARE ACT
shorten time which new drugs could be developed & marketed
DRUG REGULATION REFORM ACT
-Review and use of new drugs are accelerated
-Drug companies required to give info on “off label” drugs
THE FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION MODERNIZATION ACT
Giving wrong drug dose causing px death (Negligence)
MISFEASANCE
Omitting a d rug dose causing px death (Omission)
NONFEASANCE
Giving correct drug via wrong route
MALFEASANCE
Factors affecting drug absorption
BLOOD FLOW
PAIN
STRESS
HUNGER
FASTING
FOOD
pH
_____ to the stomach as a result of shock, vasoconstrictor drugs, or disease hampers absorption
POOR CIRCULATION
T/F: Pain, stress, and foods
that are solid, hot, or high in fat can slow gastric emptying time, so drugs
remain in the stomach longer
TRUE
______ can decrease gastric blood flow by shunting blood flow to peripheral muscles, thereby decreasing blood
circulation to the GI tract.
EXERCISE
A drug’s time to onset of action, time to peak effect, and duration of action
PHARMACOKINETICS
Factors that DECREASE metabolism
Cardiovascular dysfunction
Renal insufficiency
Starvation
Obstructive Jaundice
Factors that INCREASE metabolism
Barbiturate Therapy
Rifampin Therapy
Phenytoin
2 drug agonists attach to receptor site. The drug agonist that has an exact fit is a strong agonist and is more biologically active than weak agonist.
RECEPTOR THEORY
