pharmaceutics exam 3- what I did not know :) Flashcards
what is an example of Percolation of either the source of the medicating substance or the sucrose
Ex. Ipecac syrup
% of sugar in syrup
what are alternatives to sucrose in syrups
what you do not usually find in syrup
60% to 80%
can use Sorbitol, glycerin, and propylene glycol are all alternatives
do not find Solubilizing agents, thickeners, stabilizers
elixirs compared to syrup in sweetness or thickness
Are not as sweet or viscous (thick) as syrups.
who decides the formula of an elixir
USP monographs provide standards for preparing Elixirs, but NOT formulas. The individual manufacturer can decide on the formula
why does Cloudy final mixture occur in elixir
Cloudy final mixture often results from the separation of flavorant oils in the reduced alcoholic solution.
If this occurs, the mixture sits (typically for couple of hours) for the globules to coalesce. The formation of large globules makes for easier removal by filtration.
what is talc used for in elixirs
Talc is a frequently used filter which can absorb the excess amount of oils from the solution.
what can enhance stability in elixirs
Presence of glycerin, syrup, sorbitol and propylene glycol in elixirs can assist with dissolution of the solute, and enhance stability.
The downside is the additionally added components will slow down rate of filtration due to the increased viscosity resulting from the addition of the 4 different components.
what does the graph show between oral tablets and oral solutions
that an oral solution will go into the serum faster than an oral tablet
so oral solution absorbs faster than oral tablets
what do tinctures vary in
Vary in terms of method of preparation, strength of active ingredient, alcoholic content, and intended use in pharmacy
what are the ingredients of Vanilla Tincture, USP
*Vanilla, cut into small pieces
*Purified Water
*Alcohol
*Sucrose, in coarse granules
*Diluted Alcohol, a sufficient quantity
to make
what can an iodine tincture be used for
how much iodine is used
A tincture of iodine can be used to disinfect the area around an epidural catheter.
Usually, between 2 and 7% Iodine is used
what do sprays usually contain
Often contain antibiotics, antihistamines
what are Alcoholic based liniments
used for
Counter irritant or if penetrating action is needed
what can the solvent of oleaginous liniments be
The solvent may be almond oil, peanut oil, sesame oil or cottonseed oil, or some volatile substance (i.e., wintergreen) or a combination of oil & volatile substance
what is prepared first, Emulsion liniments or desired solvent
Emulsions are prepared first, and added to desired solvent
how are vaginal solutions prepared
Bulk powders are used by the teaspoonful or tablespoonful to prepared solution
A measured amount of powder is added to warm water, stirred and dissolved
what are special solutions?
these solutions have additional features so they can be better suited for ophthalmic, nasal or otic
how long must you apply pressure to your lacrimal sac to minimize systemic absorption?
3 to 5 minutes
how do you sterilize ophthalmic solutions?
bacterial filtration or by autoclave
what must be done if you add antimicrobial preservatives to ophthalmic solutions?
when is done
If antimicrobial preservatives are to be added, formulation stability, chemical and physical compatibility with other formulation components, and effectiveness must be determined.
done in preformulation stage
if antimicrobial preservatives are not added to the ophthalmic solution, what is done
If antimicrobial preservatives are not added they are generally packaged in single-use containers.
what is osmotic pressure?
: the pressure applied by a solution to prevent the inward flow of water across a semi-permeable membrane.
What antimicrobial preservatives are used for ophthalmic solutions
what is the caution with one of them?
Benzalkonium chloride, 0.004% to 0.01%
Benzethonium chloride, 0.01%
Chlorobutanol, 0.5%*
Phenylmercuric acetate, 0.004%
Phenyl mercuric nitrite, 0.004%
Thimerosal, 0.005% to 0.01%
Chlorobutanol, 0.5%* does not autoclave because it will turn to HCl
is sodium chloride hypo, iso, or hypertonic
what is tonicity in reference to
isotonic or isosmotic
in reference to blood
what buffering capacity to tears have
weak buffering capacity
what very acidic drugs can overwhelm the natural buffering capacity of tears?
pilocarpine hydrochloride
epinephrine bitartrate
what is the Optimal range for viscosity for ophthalmic solutions
15 to 25 cP
what solutions thickeners in ophthalmic solutions as well.
Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and polyvinyl alcohol
what is used to administer sterile preparations via intravenous push or infusion systems
syringe
how are Ophthalmic solutions packaged?
Most are packaged in small plastic containers with a fixed built-in dropper.
what was introduced for the injection of sodium chloride and glucose
Hypodermic
so now we can inject insulin in the subq using hypodermic needles!
when are injections used
Used when rapid drug action is desired (use IV)
Used when patients are uncooperative or unconscious
Used when patients cannot tolerate medicine
Used when the drug is ineffective by other routes
Veins for IV
The superficial veins can be used for venipuncture, however basilic and cephalic veins on back of hand and dorsal forearm are best for peripheral veins for IV therapy