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P1 Fall 2023 > pharmaceutics exam 3- what I did not know :) > Flashcards

pharmaceutics exam 3- what I did not know :) Flashcards

1
Q

what is an example of Percolation of either the source of the medicating substance or the sucrose

A

Ex. Ipecac syrup

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2
Q

% of sugar in syrup

what are alternatives to sucrose in syrups

what you do not usually find in syrup

A

60% to 80%

can use Sorbitol, glycerin, and propylene glycol are all alternatives

do not find Solubilizing agents, thickeners, stabilizers

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3
Q

elixirs compared to syrup in sweetness or thickness

A

Are not as sweet or viscous (thick) as syrups.

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4
Q

who decides the formula of an elixir

A

USP monographs provide standards for preparing Elixirs, but NOT formulas. The individual manufacturer can decide on the formula

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5
Q

why does Cloudy final mixture occur in elixir

A

Cloudy final mixture often results from the separation of flavorant oils in the reduced alcoholic solution.

If this occurs, the mixture sits (typically for couple of hours) for the globules to coalesce. The formation of large globules makes for easier removal by filtration.

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6
Q

what is talc used for in elixirs

A

Talc is a frequently used filter which can absorb the excess amount of oils from the solution.

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7
Q

what can enhance stability in elixirs

A

Presence of glycerin, syrup, sorbitol and propylene glycol in elixirs can assist with dissolution of the solute, and enhance stability.

The downside is the additionally added components will slow down rate of filtration due to the increased viscosity resulting from the addition of the 4 different components.

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8
Q

what does the graph show between oral tablets and oral solutions

A

that an oral solution will go into the serum faster than an oral tablet

so oral solution absorbs faster than oral tablets

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9
Q

what do tinctures vary in

A

Vary in terms of method of preparation, strength of active ingredient, alcoholic content, and intended use in pharmacy

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10
Q

what are the ingredients of Vanilla Tincture, USP

A

*Vanilla, cut into small pieces

*Purified Water

*Alcohol

*Sucrose, in coarse granules

*Diluted Alcohol, a sufficient quantity
to make

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11
Q

what can an iodine tincture be used for

how much iodine is used

A

A tincture of iodine can be used to disinfect the area around an epidural catheter.

Usually, between 2 and 7% Iodine is used

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12
Q

what do sprays usually contain

A

Often contain antibiotics, antihistamines

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13
Q

what are Alcoholic based liniments
used for

A

Counter irritant or if penetrating action is needed

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14
Q

what can the solvent of oleaginous liniments be

A

The solvent may be almond oil, peanut oil, sesame oil or cottonseed oil, or some volatile substance (i.e., wintergreen) or a combination of oil & volatile substance

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15
Q

what is prepared first, Emulsion liniments or desired solvent

A

Emulsions are prepared first, and added to desired solvent

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16
Q

how are vaginal solutions prepared

A

Bulk powders are used by the teaspoonful or tablespoonful to prepared solution

A measured amount of powder is added to warm water, stirred and dissolved

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17
Q

what are special solutions?

A

these solutions have additional features so they can be better suited for ophthalmic, nasal or otic

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18
Q

how long must you apply pressure to your lacrimal sac to minimize systemic absorption?

A

3 to 5 minutes

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19
Q

how do you sterilize ophthalmic solutions?

A

bacterial filtration or by autoclave

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20
Q

what must be done if you add antimicrobial preservatives to ophthalmic solutions?

when is done

A

If antimicrobial preservatives are to be added, formulation stability, chemical and physical compatibility with other formulation components, and effectiveness must be determined.

done in preformulation stage

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21
Q

if antimicrobial preservatives are not added to the ophthalmic solution, what is done

A

If antimicrobial preservatives are not added they are generally packaged in single-use containers.

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22
Q

what is osmotic pressure?

A

: the pressure applied by a solution to prevent the inward flow of water across a semi-permeable membrane.

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22
Q

What antimicrobial preservatives are used for ophthalmic solutions

what is the caution with one of them?

A

Benzalkonium chloride, 0.004% to 0.01%
Benzethonium chloride, 0.01%
Chlorobutanol, 0.5%*
Phenylmercuric acetate, 0.004%
Phenyl mercuric nitrite, 0.004%
Thimerosal, 0.005% to 0.01%

Chlorobutanol, 0.5%* does not autoclave because it will turn to HCl

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23
Q

is sodium chloride hypo, iso, or hypertonic

what is tonicity in reference to

A

isotonic or isosmotic

in reference to blood

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24
Q

what buffering capacity to tears have

A

weak buffering capacity

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25
Q

what very acidic drugs can overwhelm the natural buffering capacity of tears?

A

pilocarpine hydrochloride
epinephrine bitartrate

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26
Q

what is the Optimal range for viscosity for ophthalmic solutions

A

15 to 25 cP

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27
Q

what solutions thickeners in ophthalmic solutions as well.

A

Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and polyvinyl alcohol

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28
Q

what is used to administer sterile preparations via intravenous push or infusion systems

A

syringe

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29
Q

how are Ophthalmic solutions packaged?

A

Most are packaged in small plastic containers with a fixed built-in dropper.

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30
Q

what was introduced for the injection of sodium chloride and glucose

A

Hypodermic

so now we can inject insulin in the subq using hypodermic needles!

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31
Q

when are injections used

A

Used when rapid drug action is desired (use IV)

Used when patients are uncooperative or unconscious

Used when patients cannot tolerate medicine

Used when the drug is ineffective by other routes

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32
Q

Veins for IV

A

The superficial veins can be used for venipuncture, however basilic and cephalic veins on back of hand and dorsal forearm are best for peripheral veins for IV therapy

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33
Q

What is the size of IV containers

A

1000 ml containers of solutions for IV infusion used frequently

34
Q

what kinds of injuries can occur from IM route?

A

., paralysis resulting from neural damage, scarring, abscess cysts)

35
Q

needle size for IM

A

20 to 22 gauge needle is utilized.

36
Q

needle size of subq

what is the needle size for insulin

A

[24 to 26] gauges

Insulin is administered using 25 to 30 gauge needles

37
Q

site of injection for intradermal

needle size

volume

A

Usual site for intradermal injection is the anterior surface of the forearm

Needle size: 23 to 26 gauge
Volume injected: approximately 0.1 ml is the limit

38
Q

Premixed IV delivery systems are available for product administration

what is an example of this

A

Ex. of solutions, Digoxin (cardiotoxin) given IM or IV with carefully monitored dosage- “ready-to-use systems”

39
Q

for small volume parenterals

pH

disadvantages

A

pH can range between 4 to 10

disadvantage
Thawing of the frozen drug product
High-energy microwave — water bath—- room temperature for 1 hr

40
Q

how are small vs large volume paranteral labled

A

small: 100mL or less

large: more than 100mL

41
Q

what are large-volume parenterals used for

A

These are generally used for IV infusion to replenish body fluids or electrolytes or nutrition, and 100 ml to 1L is typically used.

42
Q

for large-volume parenterals, what should you be aware of

A

Be aware of different issues with compatibilities.
- During compounding procedures
- During multiple infusions

43
Q

what are the 5 general categories
of injectable materials

A

Injection

For Injection

Injectable emulsion

Injectable suspension

For injectable suspension

44
Q

containers for “for injection, USP”

A

Water should be collected in sterile and pyrogen-free containers, and the containers are usually glass or glass lined.

45
Q

WHAT IS Sterile water for injection, USP used for

A

Water is intended to be used as a solvent, vehicle or diluent for already sterilized and packaged injectable medications

Suitable injection: water is added directly to the medicinal substance such as with dry powders or granular substances

46
Q

how is Bacteriostatic water for injection, USP packaged

A

Packaged in pre-filled syringes or in vials containing not more than 30 ml of water

47
Q

when is sterile water for injection preferred over bacteriostatic water?

A

Large injected volumes of antimicrobial agents are toxic. For this reason, if volumes of more than 5 ml of solvent are required, sterile water for injection is preferred over bacteriostatic water

48
Q

what should the label for bacteriostatic water have and why

A

“Not for use in newborns”
because of benzyl alcohol

49
Q

example of nonaqueous solutions

A

Vegetable oil, glycerin, polyethylene glycols

50
Q

what would Oleaginous injections via IV cause

A

pulmonary microcirculation

51
Q

what can be used for dry heat sterilization and not steam sterilization

A

, oils, glycerin, mineral oil and heat-stable powders

52
Q

what is the size of the filter in Sterilization by Filtration

A

This method involves the removal of all bacteria and spores with use of a 0.22 µm filter

52
Q

Advantage & disadvantages of filter units

A

Advantages of filter units:
Speed in filtration, relatively inexpensive and complete removal of living and dead microorganisms

Disadvantage of filter units:
Proper inspection of the filter unit is necessary to avoid using systems that are ruptured or faulty in some other way.
Systems can be flawed during assembly

53
Q

Handling and Disposal of Chemotherapeutic agents

A

Training and quality assurance programs needed

Minimize unnecessary exposure with these steps

Use laminar flow hoods or bacteriologic glove boxes for preparing the reconstitution of cytotoxic drugs

Wear a mask during the preparation

Use special waste containers

Periodic monitoring of personnel who handle cytotoxic drugs

Informing personnel handling cytotoxic drugs of risk to health

Specialized labeling of containers to ensure proper handling and disposal of cytotoxic drug agent

54
Q

what can biologics include and what is another name for them

A

include antibiotics, hormones, vitamins and also know as immunobiologics

55
Q

when was the
Inactivated Polio vaccine
Oral Polio virus (OPV)
Rubella vaccine
introduced

A

Inactivated Polio vaccine- introduced in 1955

Oral Polio virus (OPV)- introduced in 1960s

Rubella vaccine- introduced in 1969

56
Q

what do T-lymphocytes and B lymphocytes do in acquired immunity

A

T-lymphocytes augment (make it greater) the activity of B lymphocytes primarily involved in humoral immunity and antibody production, which helps individuals to resist infections the next time they are exposed.

57
Q

what about water do biologics have to be tested for

A

residual moisture

58
Q

Refrigerators, cool air and biologics

A

Refrigerators should not be overstocked with products

cool air must have room to circulate

59
Q

vaccines & expiration date

what temp should the fridge be

A

keep vax with shorter expiration dates to front of shelf

fridge (not freezer) should be between 35F to 46F, but aim for 40*F

60
Q

Don’t for vaccines and fridge

A

no vaccine in drawers or on the floor of the refrigerator

no vax in solid plastic trays or containers

no vax in doors

no food in fridge

keep vax away from all cold air vents. The vents blow in very cold air from the freezer which can damage vax

61
Q

Regardless of method the vaccine may be
expressed as what

A
  • Total # of organisms

– Total protective units per milliliter or dose

– Micrograms of immunogen in each milliliter, or in each dose of vaccine.

62
Q

what do cancer vax increase

A

The cancer vaccine increases antigen awareness of your immune cells

increase co-stimulatory signals that induce an immune response

63
Q

what are the 3 immune system cells with natural antitumor activity?

what do cancer vax do to these cells

A

T cells

Lymphokine-activated killer cells

Natural killer cells

– Cancer vaccines stimulate these immune cells

tumor-killing cells recognize tumor-associated antigens (TAA) on tumor cell surface.

Tumor Vaccines: Autologous, Allogeneic, Gene Therapy

64
Q

what is the result of Traditional vaccines constituted by inactivated whole cells

A

can cause unwanted side effects

Hypersensitivity-anaphylaxisisamajorconcern
– Bronchospasm
– Respiratory distress – Laryngeal edema
– Circulatory collapse – Death

65
Q

Because hypersensitivity reactions are so rare, what is not clear for vaccines

A

Because hypersensitivity reactions are so rare it’s not clear whether patients are allergic to proteins that make up the active antigenic portion of the vaccine, or the excipients (i.e., neomycin, gelatin, aluminum gels).

66
Q

what did children who took Thimerosol preservatives produce and what did it result in

A

methyl mercury and ethyl mercury resulting in neurotoxicity

67
Q

for passive immunity what must the sera be free from

A

Must be free of hepatitis B antigen and antibodies to HIV

68
Q

What needle size is used for BOTOX cosmetics
to draw up how much saline

A

21 gauge to draw up 0.5 to 2.5 ml of saline containing reconstituted material.

69
Q

What are some potential problems associated with polymer use?

A

High molecular weight
Slow permeability
Delay excretion
Unfavorable Immunologic or toxic reactions
Expenses associated with preparation

70
Q

In what ways are Long-Acting Parenteral Systems accomplished?

A

Slowly dissolving chemical complexes of drug entity

Slow erosion of drugs encapsulated in microspheres

Mechanically controlled-rate drug infusion pumps

71
Q

how much polyanhydride copolymer and carmustine inn gliadel wafer

A

The wafers contain 192.3 mg of a biodegradable polyanhydride
copolymer and 7.7 mg of carmustine

72
Q

Gliadel: Packaging, storage, handling

A

Wafers designed as a single-dose treatment box

Each box contains 8 individually pouched wafers

Each wafer is double-pouched in foil, Inner pouch is sterile

Must be stored at or below -20ºC (just like moderna)

73
Q

what do liposomes deliver and to where

A

drugs, genes, proteins to target cells

74
Q

how many carbons in liposomes

A

10 to 24

75
Q

melting temp of lipids

Phospholipid head groups

A

Myristoyl: 20*C

Palmitoyl: 41*C

Stearyl: 55*C

Oleoyl: - 20*C

the more carbons, the higher the temp. except if it is with a kink then it has a much lower temp.

Head groups: PC, PG, PE, PS

76
Q

Liposomal Therapeutics purpose

why was this done

A

To reduce toxic side effects of agents in sensitive organs such as heart and kidneys, and to target diseased tissues.

Potent medicinal substances are usually the most toxic and so there is an urgent need for effective drug delivery systems.
- Less than 5% of the injected drug accumulates at the target site, the remaining drug interacts with healthy host tissues.

77
Q

lipoceutical vs conventional vehicle with free active

A

for lipoceuticals:
- permeation is greater with liposomal encapsulation

  • eliminated irritation and optimized dosage
  • greater concentration and residence time in the epidermis and dermis for prolonged release
  • protects encapsulated material from metabolic degradation
  • reduces systemic absorption
78
Q

How are novel drug delivery systems administered?

A

Parenterally, topically, inhalation methods, orally or possibly by other routes.

79
Q

what can we target in tumors rather than tumor cells

A

targeting tumor vessels is an effective alternative to targeting cancer cells in tissue

80
Q

why is it called stealth

A

because it is longer circulating because the kidney, liver, and other eliminating organs cannot get to it

due to PEG

81
Q

Liposomal Amphotericin B

A

Amphotericin B is an antifungal antibiotic. Because of the many well-known side effects and certain dose-limiting toxicities associated with conventional amphotericin B,
lipid-based formulations were developed to increase the tolerability (e.g., decrease nephrotoxicity) of the drug without compromising its antifungal effects.

P1 Fall 2023 (66 decks)

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