pharmaceutics exam 3 part 2- BSC, DPSC, Q's Flashcards
Class I
what is it designed for
when is it used
Designed for personnel and environmental protection
Used for work where no product protection is required
what makes class II & III different than class I BSCs
⭐only Class II and III cabinets provide personnel, product and environmental protection
Class I only offers personnel and environmental protection
Class II
what is it designed for
when is it used?
designed for personnel, product and environmental protection
Use when product protection is required
Class II type A1
what is the air flow
what is it used for
Minimum air flow: 75 ft per minute
Not used for work with volatile toxic chemicals and volatile radionuclides
so used only when volatile toxic chemicals and volatile radionuclides are not used!
Class II Type A2
what is the air flow
what is it used for
Minimum air flow: 100 ft per minute
Used for work with minute quantities of volatile toxic chemicals and tracer amounts of radionuclides required as an adjunct to microbio. Studies
so can now use small amounts of volatile toxic chemicals and tracer amounts of radionuclides required as opposed to A1 when you can not use it at all
Class II type B1
what is the air flow
what is it used for
Minimum air flow: 100 ft per minute
Used for work treated with minute quantities of volatile toxic chemicals and tracer amounts of radionuclides required as an adjunct for microbio. studies if work is done in the direct exhaustive portion of the cabinet or if the chemicals and radionuclides will not interfere with the work when recirculating in the downflow air
so you can use it for small amounts of volatile toxic chemicals and volatile radionuclides only if it is done in the direct exhaustive portion of the cabinet or if the chemical and radionuclides will not interfere with the downflow air
Class II type B2
what is the air flow
what is it used for
Minimum air flow: 100 ft per minute
Used for work with volatile chemicals and radionuclides required as an adjunct for microbio. Studies.
Does not have to be minute anymore!!!!!!!! So can use large amounts of this
What makes the class III type cabinet different from the rest?
Totally enclosed ventilated cabinet with gas-tight construction and operations are conducted through attached gloves
since class II is mostly used, what must be done before and while using it
To prepare to use it:
- wash hands
- put on gloves
- put on a polyethylene-coated gown
- then a second pair of gloves
- Work surface should be decontaminated with detergent sodium hypochlorite, neutralizer, and alcohol
- The front shield must be placed appropriately to ensure the effectiveness of the air barrier. There is an alarm system to notify if the front shiel is not in the right position
- The use of a large pad that might protrude into the front or rear air flow grill must be avoided because it blocks the flow of air. The pad must be disposed of and discarded after use because it is not decontaminated
- The operator should be seated and her shoulder should be at the level of the bottom of the front shield. This provides face and eye protection while positioning the person to operate
- Hand and arm movement can disrupt the air barrier and side-to-side movement is also disruptive
- Avoid leaving and reeneteirng the work area by assembling all supplies before beginning compounding
- To reduce contamination, only items needed to compound should be placed in the cabinet, do not place transport bags in the cabinet during compounding.
- Hazardous vials are sometimes contaminated so they must be handled with gloves. Wipe down with moist gauze, contain and treat as hazardous waste, and change glove
- IV bags may be hung on the bar. All items should be placed in the cabinet away from the front barrier, the containment is dependent on the airflow of the front and back grills and nothing should block it.
- A small waste or sharps container can be placed on the side wall as long as it does not interfere with the rear grill
- Wipe off all final products with moist gauze, and change the outer glove before flagging the label for checker
- Place the final product into the transport bag being careful to not contaminate the outer surface of the transport bag.
- Seal and then decontaminate all surfaces of waste containers before removing preparations from the cabinet. Good organization skills are essential
how does increasing the amount of carbons in the liposome affect the liposome
where is the drug in the liposome and what is the nature of the drug
what are the different lipids that can be used for a liposome, what are the number of carbons/double bonds and what are their abbreviation
more carbons =
- different melting temps
- different charge characteristics
- different degrees of saturation/unsaturation
the drug is hydrophilic and is in the center of the liposome
myristoyl phosphatidylcholine - 14:0 - DMPC
palmitoyl phosphatidylcholine - 16:0 - DPPC
stearyl phosphatidylcholine - 18:0 - DSPC
Oleoyl phosphatidylcholine - 18:1 - DOPC
Do oral liquids or tablets have a faster rate to enter the blood?
liquids take less time to break down and be absorbed than tablets which have to go to the stomach and then get broken down
For diabetic people, do you replace sucrose with artificial sweeteners or glycogenic compounds?
“Artificial sweeteners (i.e., saccharin) are used as substitutes to prepare elixirs containing a high alcohol content. This is because sucrose is only partially soluble in alcohol and requires a lot more to achieve the same effect”
Artificial sweeteners do not enter the blood stream and do not raise blood sugar directly
what is Sodium citrate + citric acid solutions used for
Useful for patients requiring alkaline urine –For example, uric acid with urinary tract – Or, gout therapy- to reduce crystallization of urates
Excipient to impart flavor:
Flavorant
1) Anise oil
2) Cinnamon oil
3) Cocoa
when is a Nonaqueous solution used
use when there is poor drug solubility in water or the drug is susceptible to hydrolysis
what are Liniments
what are the 3 types?
what must emulsion liniments or liniments with insoluble matter contain?
what must the label on a liniment say
liniments: a nonaqueous solution that can be alcoholic, oleaginous, or emulsions intended to be rubbed on the skin.
Alcoholic-based liniments:
- Counter irritant or if penetrating action is needed
Oleaginous liniments:
used when massage is desired, less irritating to the skin compared to alcoholic liniments, can use almond oil, peanut oil sesame oil cottonseed oil, or some volatile substance (wintergreen) or a combo, of oil & volatile substance
Emulsion liniments:
emulsions are prepared first and added to the desired solvent
Linaments that are emulsions or contain insoluble matter must bear suitable labels such as SHAKE WELL (to distribute disperse phase)
Linaments should bear a label indicating for EXTERNAL USE ONLY.
Ophthalmic packaging
Containers holding: 2, 2.5, 5, 10, 15 & 30 mL
- Patients should protect ophthalmic solutions or suspensions from external
contamination
–Avoid the tip of the dropper from touching eyes or eyelids
Spray
what can they be
what are one-way pump sprays and why are they important
Can be oleaginous
- One-way pump sprays, developed to deliver drugs to the nose. Used for prescription
and non-prescription medications.
Why is it important?
Prevents drawback contamination of nasal fluids into the bottle after administration such as viral particles with the common cold.
The flow rate of continuous IV
42-150 mL/hour and lower flow rates are used to maintain open infusion lines.
Multiple-dose vials
In theory, the presence of bacteriostatic agent should allow for multiple-dose vials (use a single vial for multiple purposes)
Needle sizes for
subq
intradermal
bolus
continuous IV
deltoid
Subq : 24 - 26 gauge with 3mL capacity, 1.3 mL injected
- Intradermal: 23 to 26 gauge, 0.1 mL injected
- Bolus: 23 gauge
- continuous IV infusions: 18 gauge
- Deltoid: 20 - 22 gauge
Steam sterilization
what are the 3 weights, temps and times
what is temp. used for
which one is mostly used
what can it be used for
what cannot be sterilized using this
10 lbs of pressure (115.5 ̊ C)-30 minutes
- 15 lbs of pressure (121.5 ̊C)-20 minutes
- 20 lbs of pressure (126.5 ̊C)-15 minutes
- Temperature is responsible for sterilization and not the pressure. The pressure is only
responsible for increasing the temperature - Most autoclaves operate at: 121 ̊C
- May be used to sterilize bulk solutions, glassware, surgical dressings and instruments.
- Not useful for oils, fats and oleaginous preparations
DSPC for COVID-19 vax
DSPC functions to enhance encapsulation efficiency and liposome stability which enables greater effectiveness in bioprocessing
Pfizer Vaccine:
what temp. must it stored/maintained at
mRNA - the active substance
lipids ((4-hydroxybutyl) azanediyl)bis(hexane-6,1-diyl) bis(2-hexyldecanoate)
2 [(PolyEthylene Glycol)-2000]-N,N-ditetradecylacetamide - the PEG
1,2-Distearoyl-sn-glycero-3- phosphocholine - this is DSPC (stearyl)
and cholesterol - for stability)) – all of these lipids are used to protect the mRNA and you need a way for stability and a way to deliver. Without lipids, you won’t get very good delivery to the target cell population
potassium chloride - balanced acidity in the body (but very low [ ] in the vaccine), do not want high doses
monobasic potassium phosphate, sodium chloride, and dibasic sodium phosphate dihydrate - these salts are for stability too
and sucrose because it will be frozen and function as a cryoprotectant
must be maintained at -70 degrees Celsius.
do not want the lipids to move around and sucrose keeps it stable and from moving around to keep the contents inside for the drug to be as potent as possible
Moderna Vaccine
what is the purpose of the lipids
does it have sucrose if so what is the purpose of it
what temp. must it be stored/maintained at
mRNA
lipids (SM-102, polyethylene glycol [PEG] 2000 dimyristoyl glycerol [DMG], cholesterol, and 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine [DSPC])
tromethamine, tromethamine hydrochloride, acetic acid (maintain acidity and buffering capacity), sodium acetate trihydrate, - interested in having more stability and being able to deliver the drug effectively into the cells
and sucrose because frozen - cryoprotectant
(like cholesterol, Adds firmness and integrity and helps separate the phospholipid)
can be shipped at -20 degrees Celsius, and can be comfortably stored in refrigerator units for up to 30 days after that.
Janssen COVID-19 Vaccine
what temp. must it be stored/maintained at
Recombinant, replication-incompetent adenovirus type 26 expressing the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, citric acid monohydrate, trisodium citrate dihydrate, ethanol, 2- hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HBCD), polysorbate-80, sodium chloride.
no sucrose because not frozen
store unpunctured multi-dose vials of Janssen COVID-19
Vaccine between 2°C to 8°C. Protect from light. Do not store frozen. The vaccine is initially stored frozen by the manufacturer, then shipped at 2°C to 8°C. If a vaccine is still frozen upon receipt, thaw at 2°C to 8°C. Do not re-freeze once thawed.
nothing in all the 3 vaccines is a concern - no metals, no animal products, no antibiotics, no latex, no eggs - safer than vaccines that we have taken
When is sterile water for injection used?
Water is intended to be used as a solvent, vehicle or diluent for already sterilized and packaged injectable medications
used for reconstituting and not injected because it lacks tonicity
Why isn’t sterile water for injection used for continuous IV infusions?
because it lacks tonicity
Sterile Water for Injection, USP is a hemolytic agent due to its hypotonicity.
Therefore, it is contraindicated for intravenous administration without admixing. This solution is for compounding only, not for direct infusion. Hemolysis may occur following infusion of Sterile Water for Injection, USP.
