pharmaceutics exam 3 part 2- BSC, DPSC, Q's Flashcards
Class I
what is it designed for
when is it used
Designed for personnel and environmental protection
Used for work where no product protection is required
what makes class II & III different than class I BSCs
⭐only Class II and III cabinets provide personnel, product and environmental protection
Class I only offers personnel and environmental protection
Class II
what is it designed for
when is it used?
designed for personnel, product and environmental protection
Use when product protection is required
Class II type A1
what is the air flow
what is it used for
Minimum air flow: 75 ft per minute
Not used for work with volatile toxic chemicals and volatile radionuclides
so used only when volatile toxic chemicals and volatile radionuclides are not used!
Class II Type A2
what is the air flow
what is it used for
Minimum air flow: 100 ft per minute
Used for work with minute quantities of volatile toxic chemicals and tracer amounts of radionuclides required as an adjunct to microbio. Studies
so can now use small amounts of volatile toxic chemicals and tracer amounts of radionuclides required as opposed to A1 when you can not use it at all
Class II type B1
what is the air flow
what is it used for
Minimum air flow: 100 ft per minute
Used for work treated with minute quantities of volatile toxic chemicals and tracer amounts of radionuclides required as an adjunct for microbio. studies if work is done in the direct exhaustive portion of the cabinet or if the chemicals and radionuclides will not interfere with the work when recirculating in the downflow air
so you can use it for small amounts of volatile toxic chemicals and volatile radionuclides only if it is done in the direct exhaustive portion of the cabinet or if the chemical and radionuclides will not interfere with the downflow air
Class II type B2
what is the air flow
what is it used for
Minimum air flow: 100 ft per minute
Used for work with volatile chemicals and radionuclides required as an adjunct for microbio. Studies.
Does not have to be minute anymore!!!!!!!! So can use large amounts of this
What makes the class III type cabinet different from the rest?
Totally enclosed ventilated cabinet with gas-tight construction and operations are conducted through attached gloves
since class II is mostly used, what must be done before and while using it
To prepare to use it:
- wash hands
- put on gloves
- put on a polyethylene-coated gown
- then a second pair of gloves
- Work surface should be decontaminated with detergent sodium hypochlorite, neutralizer, and alcohol
- The front shield must be placed appropriately to ensure the effectiveness of the air barrier. There is an alarm system to notify if the front shiel is not in the right position
- The use of a large pad that might protrude into the front or rear air flow grill must be avoided because it blocks the flow of air. The pad must be disposed of and discarded after use because it is not decontaminated
- The operator should be seated and her shoulder should be at the level of the bottom of the front shield. This provides face and eye protection while positioning the person to operate
- Hand and arm movement can disrupt the air barrier and side-to-side movement is also disruptive
- Avoid leaving and reeneteirng the work area by assembling all supplies before beginning compounding
- To reduce contamination, only items needed to compound should be placed in the cabinet, do not place transport bags in the cabinet during compounding.
- Hazardous vials are sometimes contaminated so they must be handled with gloves. Wipe down with moist gauze, contain and treat as hazardous waste, and change glove
- IV bags may be hung on the bar. All items should be placed in the cabinet away from the front barrier, the containment is dependent on the airflow of the front and back grills and nothing should block it.
- A small waste or sharps container can be placed on the side wall as long as it does not interfere with the rear grill
- Wipe off all final products with moist gauze, and change the outer glove before flagging the label for checker
- Place the final product into the transport bag being careful to not contaminate the outer surface of the transport bag.
- Seal and then decontaminate all surfaces of waste containers before removing preparations from the cabinet. Good organization skills are essential
how does increasing the amount of carbons in the liposome affect the liposome
where is the drug in the liposome and what is the nature of the drug
what are the different lipids that can be used for a liposome, what are the number of carbons/double bonds and what are their abbreviation
more carbons =
- different melting temps
- different charge characteristics
- different degrees of saturation/unsaturation
the drug is hydrophilic and is in the center of the liposome
myristoyl phosphatidylcholine - 14:0 - DMPC
palmitoyl phosphatidylcholine - 16:0 - DPPC
stearyl phosphatidylcholine - 18:0 - DSPC
Oleoyl phosphatidylcholine - 18:1 - DOPC
Do oral liquids or tablets have a faster rate to enter the blood?
liquids take less time to break down and be absorbed than tablets which have to go to the stomach and then get broken down
For diabetic people, do you replace sucrose with artificial sweeteners or glycogenic compounds?
“Artificial sweeteners (i.e., saccharin) are used as substitutes to prepare elixirs containing a high alcohol content. This is because sucrose is only partially soluble in alcohol and requires a lot more to achieve the same effect”
Artificial sweeteners do not enter the blood stream and do not raise blood sugar directly
what is Sodium citrate + citric acid solutions used for
Useful for patients requiring alkaline urine –For example, uric acid with urinary tract – Or, gout therapy- to reduce crystallization of urates
Excipient to impart flavor:
Flavorant
1) Anise oil
2) Cinnamon oil
3) Cocoa
when is a Nonaqueous solution used
use when there is poor drug solubility in water or the drug is susceptible to hydrolysis
what are Liniments
what are the 3 types?
what must emulsion liniments or liniments with insoluble matter contain?
what must the label on a liniment say
liniments: a nonaqueous solution that can be alcoholic, oleaginous, or emulsions intended to be rubbed on the skin.
Alcoholic-based liniments:
- Counter irritant or if penetrating action is needed
Oleaginous liniments:
used when massage is desired, less irritating to the skin compared to alcoholic liniments, can use almond oil, peanut oil sesame oil cottonseed oil, or some volatile substance (wintergreen) or a combo, of oil & volatile substance
Emulsion liniments:
emulsions are prepared first and added to the desired solvent
Linaments that are emulsions or contain insoluble matter must bear suitable labels such as SHAKE WELL (to distribute disperse phase)
Linaments should bear a label indicating for EXTERNAL USE ONLY.
Ophthalmic packaging
Containers holding: 2, 2.5, 5, 10, 15 & 30 mL
- Patients should protect ophthalmic solutions or suspensions from external
contamination
–Avoid the tip of the dropper from touching eyes or eyelids
Spray
what can they be
what are one-way pump sprays and why are they important
Can be oleaginous
- One-way pump sprays, developed to deliver drugs to the nose. Used for prescription
and non-prescription medications.
Why is it important?
Prevents drawback contamination of nasal fluids into the bottle after administration such as viral particles with the common cold.
The flow rate of continuous IV
42-150 mL/hour and lower flow rates are used to maintain open infusion lines.
Multiple-dose vials
In theory, the presence of bacteriostatic agent should allow for multiple-dose vials (use a single vial for multiple purposes)
Needle sizes for
subq
intradermal
bolus
continuous IV
deltoid
Subq : 24 - 26 gauge with 3mL capacity, 1.3 mL injected
- Intradermal: 23 to 26 gauge, 0.1 mL injected
- Bolus: 23 gauge
- continuous IV infusions: 18 gauge
- Deltoid: 20 - 22 gauge
Steam sterilization
what are the 3 weights, temps and times
what is temp. used for
which one is mostly used
what can it be used for
what cannot be sterilized using this
10 lbs of pressure (115.5 ̊ C)-30 minutes
- 15 lbs of pressure (121.5 ̊C)-20 minutes
- 20 lbs of pressure (126.5 ̊C)-15 minutes
- Temperature is responsible for sterilization and not the pressure. The pressure is only
responsible for increasing the temperature - Most autoclaves operate at: 121 ̊C
- May be used to sterilize bulk solutions, glassware, surgical dressings and instruments.
- Not useful for oils, fats and oleaginous preparations
DSPC for COVID-19 vax
DSPC functions to enhance encapsulation efficiency and liposome stability which enables greater effectiveness in bioprocessing
Pfizer Vaccine:
what temp. must it stored/maintained at
mRNA - the active substance
lipids ((4-hydroxybutyl) azanediyl)bis(hexane-6,1-diyl) bis(2-hexyldecanoate)
2 [(PolyEthylene Glycol)-2000]-N,N-ditetradecylacetamide - the PEG
1,2-Distearoyl-sn-glycero-3- phosphocholine - this is DSPC (stearyl)
and cholesterol - for stability)) – all of these lipids are used to protect the mRNA and you need a way for stability and a way to deliver. Without lipids, you won’t get very good delivery to the target cell population
potassium chloride - balanced acidity in the body (but very low [ ] in the vaccine), do not want high doses
monobasic potassium phosphate, sodium chloride, and dibasic sodium phosphate dihydrate - these salts are for stability too
and sucrose because it will be frozen and function as a cryoprotectant
must be maintained at -70 degrees Celsius.
do not want the lipids to move around and sucrose keeps it stable and from moving around to keep the contents inside for the drug to be as potent as possible
Moderna Vaccine
what is the purpose of the lipids
does it have sucrose if so what is the purpose of it
what temp. must it be stored/maintained at
mRNA
lipids (SM-102, polyethylene glycol [PEG] 2000 dimyristoyl glycerol [DMG], cholesterol, and 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine [DSPC])
tromethamine, tromethamine hydrochloride, acetic acid (maintain acidity and buffering capacity), sodium acetate trihydrate, - interested in having more stability and being able to deliver the drug effectively into the cells
and sucrose because frozen - cryoprotectant
(like cholesterol, Adds firmness and integrity and helps separate the phospholipid)
can be shipped at -20 degrees Celsius, and can be comfortably stored in refrigerator units for up to 30 days after that.
Janssen COVID-19 Vaccine
what temp. must it be stored/maintained at
Recombinant, replication-incompetent adenovirus type 26 expressing the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, citric acid monohydrate, trisodium citrate dihydrate, ethanol, 2- hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HBCD), polysorbate-80, sodium chloride.
no sucrose because not frozen
store unpunctured multi-dose vials of Janssen COVID-19
Vaccine between 2°C to 8°C. Protect from light. Do not store frozen. The vaccine is initially stored frozen by the manufacturer, then shipped at 2°C to 8°C. If a vaccine is still frozen upon receipt, thaw at 2°C to 8°C. Do not re-freeze once thawed.
nothing in all the 3 vaccines is a concern - no metals, no animal products, no antibiotics, no latex, no eggs - safer than vaccines that we have taken
When is sterile water for injection used?
Water is intended to be used as a solvent, vehicle or diluent for already sterilized and packaged injectable medications
used for reconstituting and not injected because it lacks tonicity
Why isn’t sterile water for injection used for continuous IV infusions?
because it lacks tonicity
Sterile Water for Injection, USP is a hemolytic agent due to its hypotonicity.
Therefore, it is contraindicated for intravenous administration without admixing. This solution is for compounding only, not for direct infusion. Hemolysis may occur following infusion of Sterile Water for Injection, USP.
What is the continuous flow rate range used for IV injections?
What is the importance of KVO in infusion therapy?
Flow rates: 42-150 mL/hour and lower flow rates are used to maintain open infusion lines. So maximum of 42-150 mL/hour
keep vein open (KVO) or Keep open (KO):
- to make sure that you are not getting a backflow of blood through the line
- if there is backflow then you have to start a whole new IV line
- having a small amount going in all the time is good because, in case of emergencies, you want to be able to remove it quickly and do not need to start a whole new IV line
Briefly discuss the main function of Viral and Cancer vaccines
keeping an emphasis on what makes them different.
Viral
- grows in: Embryonic eggs, Cell cultures of chick embryos, Monkey cell cultures, Skin of living calves, and Intact mice
- need to separate the virus from the host cell
- need to purify to reduce the incidence of hypersensitivity reactions to media or host cells
- final product may have a single or multiple immunogen(s) to elicit immunity against the disease
- may remain as the entire virion or split into subvirion vaccine
- flu vax has 3 strains: 1) HINI (Influenza A), 2) H3N2 (Influenza A), 3) Influenza B
- vax with all 3: provides partial protection against related strains, reducing risk of influenza-related complications & deaths
- Communities can have an outbreak of more than one strain of influenza.
Cancer Vaccines
* The goal is to increase the recognition of cancer cells by the immune system
- Immune cells recognize foreign antigens on the tumor cells, and receive co-stimulatory signals as foreign to the body. Otherwise, tumor cells go undetected and proliferate.
- The cancer vaccine increases antigen awareness of your immune cells, or increases co-stimulatory signals that induce an immune response
- Immune cells having natural antitumor activity are T cells, Lymphokine-activated killer cells and Natural killer cells.
- Cancer vaccines stimulate these immune cells.
- Tumor-killing cells recognize tumor-associated antigens (TAA) on
tumor cell surfaces.
Tumor Vaccines: Autologous, Allogeneic, Gene Therapy - can be Autologous or Allogeneic
Autologous
- from a tumor removed from the patient
- cells are killed or attenuated (remove base pairs in DNA so it cannot revert to pathogenic form)
- very expensive and no antigenic expression
- patient-specific
Allogeneic
- from cell lines that express tumor-specific or shared TAA
- for immune response, a fragment or whole attenuated cell is injected inpatient
- benefits a wider population of patients
answer to question lol XD:
main functions:
viral:
- can have 3 strains to protect from multiple/related strains of the virus
cancer
- to help immune cells recognize cancer tumor
Store biologics
where are they stored
why do you not want to freeze them usually
what could expansion cause
when are expiration dates
what is the exception
Majority of biologics are stored in refrigerator (2°C to 8°C)
- Generally no freezing of biologics which protects: The active biological material
- Expansion of aqueous material could result in expansion of glass and breakage and loss of product
- Expiration dates are usually one year following the date of manufacture
- Exception: Some Covid-19 Vaccines require freezing, exp. dates are also less than one year. See supplemental Covid-19 manufacturing details for this lecture
Allogeneic cancer vax
where is it derived from
what part of the virus is injected into the patient
who does it benefit
Derived from cell lines that express tumor-specific or shared TAAs.
- To induce an immune response- a fragment, or whole (attenuated) cell is injected into the patient.
- Benefit is the wider population of patients
Varicella zoster
how many US citizens are immune to VZV
what is the purpose of the VZV for adults
how can those getting the vaccine transmit to other people and who should the recipient avoid
when should you avoid the vaccination
how should women who want to get pregnant be counseled
what is VZV contraindicated by
More than 95% of U.S. Citizens are immune to VZV.
- Varicella virus vaccine for adults is intended to cover those who have not had
chickenpox, or those without reliable clinical history of varicella infection - Those receiving vaccine may transmit the vaccine virus to close contacts: Recipients
should avoid close contact with high risk individuals (Such as pregnant women, newborns and immunocompromised individuals) - Avoid vaccination during pregnancy
– Women contemplating pregnancy should be counseled to avoid pregnancy within 4 weeks of vaccination
- Varicella vaccination is contraindicated for use in patients with immunocompromising conditions (For i.e.,HIV infections with CD4+ T lymphocyte count of 200 cells/μl)
Store biologics
Pharmacists should not use inside of door to store biologics, this contributes to temperature variations
– Inside of door can be used to store diluents or bottles of water for better insulation
- Vaccines should be stored in top or bottom shelves of refrigerator due to temperature variations.
- Coolant packs should be kept in freezer and ready for use in shipping. They are handy to have if there are interruptions in freezing.
- Door should not be opened frequently, no more than 4 times per day
- Doors should be closed as quickly as possible after securing product
Trivalent influenza
how many strains does it have
what is the purpose of having so many strains
Vaccination with all three (trivalent influenza) is the standard practice.
– This provides partial protection against related strains, reducing risk of influenza-related complications & deaths
– Communities can have an outbreak of more than one strain of influenza.
Physiological barriers that limit optimal delivery of drugs to solid tumors
*Wide range of vascular pore sizes
- *Heterogeneous blood supply
- *Irregular blood flow velocities
- *Elevated interstitial pressures
- *Long interstitial transport distances
Micelles
- Detergents at low concentrations in aqueous solution form a monolayer at the air-liquid interface.
- At higher concentrations, detergent monomers aggregate into structures called micelles
Describe B Cell activation as a part of the immune function.
B cell activation
- there is foreign material that your body needs to identify to get rid of it
- so first you have 3 B cells (really there are about 10 billion)
- in the center of each B cell is the nucleus with the DNA
- at the top of the B cells, there are membrane-associated antibody ligands or also called membrane-bound antibodies
- each B cell has a different membrane-bound antibody
- all are genetically the same, but the DNA goes through DNA shuffling to make sure that each B cell has a different membrane-bound antibody on the surface
- based on your genetic and environmental history, your body knows which one to have on reserve which one to keep, and which one to get rid of. Even though there are 10 billion B cells, there are only 10,000 combinations so your body does not need every single one so it has some on reserve. One person’s combination is different than another person’s.
- once a foreign antigen comes in, one of the B cells will recognize the foreign antigen and will be a good fit for it. And that one that is a good fit says “I got it and I am the good fit” and sends this message to the other ones.
- that B cell then replicates to make more of itself. Then it differentiates into memory and effector cells (2000/second)
- memory cells are for when the next time you get the infection, you will not have as bad of a reaction.
- the effector cells put out soluble proteins and recognize the antigen perfectly. It can bind more than one antigen at a time and increases in size and now the macrophages can engulf them and this is Opsonization. Can bind more than one antigen
- for the first time of infection, the effector cells help to get rid of the antigen but the next time after, the memory cells are responsible for getting rid fo the antigen
Subcutaneous
Anatomical Site
Needle Guage/ volume used
Purpose of the injection type
Anatomical Site
- Loose interstitial tissue areas of the outer surface of the upper arm
- Anterior surface of the thigh
- The lower portion of the abdomen
Needle Guage/ volume used
- 1.3 ml and slightly above
- 2 ml is painful
- Syringes with up to 3 ml capacities [24 to 26] gauges are used for this purpose
Purpose of the injection type
- This route may be suitable for small amounts of medication
Intravenous route
Anatomical Site
Needle Guage/ volume used
Purpose of the injection type
Anatomical Site
- cephalic vein on hand
- median cubital vein on the arm
The superficial veins can be used for venipuncture, however basilic and cephalic veins on the back of the hand and dorsal forearm are best for peripheral veins for IV therapy
Needle Guage/ volume used
- 23 guage for bolus
- 18 guage for continuous IV
Purpose of the injection type
- rapid absorption of the drug
Intramuscular Route
Anatomical Site
Needle Guage/ volume used
Purpose of the injection type
Anatomical Site
- deltoid for child
- gluteus maximus for adult
Needle Guage/ volume used
- 2mL for deltoid
- 5mL for gluteus maximus
- 20 to 22 gauge needle is utilized.
Purpose of the injection type
- Provides drug effects that are less rapid than intravenously administered substances, but generally longer lasting.
Intradermal Route
Anatomical Site
Needle Guage/ volume used
Purpose of the injection type
Anatomical Site
- anterior surface of the forearm
Needle Guage/ volume used
- Needle size: 23 to 26 gauge
- Volume injected: approximately 0.1 ml is the limit
Purpose of the injection type
- Substances include diagnostics agents and for purposes of immunization
phospholipid
where is the
glycerol backbone
the polar
non-polar regions
the glycerol backbone is in the polar head
the polar region is the head
the non-polar region is the tail
on a liposome
where are the
- highly lipophilic drug agent (x)
- highly hydrophilic drug agent (o) will be incorporated within the liposome.
X will be within the bilayer, lipids with longer chains can incorporate more drugs into the hydrophobic region
O will be in the center of the drug
What is meant by the term ‘Magic Bullet’?
the drug will only target the tumor and not the healthy tissue
drug will have a high affinity for the tumor and not the healthy tissue
What is the advantage of using a Gliadel Wafer Implant over the use of a more conventional (parentally administered) drug substance?
it is at the site of where the tumor used to be
it will get rid of residual tumor cells
most importantly, it decays slowly:
- by week 3, the copolymer is 70% gone
- the drug is then released to get rid of any tumor cells that could have been dormant when the tumor was removed 3 weeks prior
parenterally administration will exhibit drug action right away and may pass over dormant cells that could be activated after the drug has been eliminated from the body/done it job
syrup
Alcohol content
Standard components
Purpose of dosage form
Alcohol content
- 0%
Standard components
- purified water
- sucrose
- if medicated: therapeutic agents, coloring agents
Purpose of dosage form
- - pleasant tasting vehicle for extemporaneous preparations
- added to the standard formula for medicated syrups
elixirs
Alcohol content
Standard components
Purpose of dosage form
easier to manufacture than syrups
add artificial sweetener instead of sucrose if patient has diabetes
Alcohol content
- 10-12%
Standard components
- water
- alcohol
(hydroalcoholic)
additives: glycerin, propylene glycol, colorants, flavorants
Purpose of dosage form
purpose
- Nonmedicated elixirs used as vehicles
- Medicated elixirs used to exert drug effect
orally used
sprays
Alcohol content
Standard components
Purpose of dosage form
Alcohol content
- very little if any
Standard components
- can have antibiotics and antihistamines
- water
- can be oleaginous so oleaginous products
Purpose of dosage form
- - applied in nose to be relieve nasal congestion
- apply drugs systemically and quickly
- one-way pump sprays prevent drawback of particles into bottle, nothing can go inside product to contaminate it
tinctures
Alcohol content
Standard components
Purpose of dosage form
Alcohol content
- 15-80%
Standard components
- - vegetable materials
- alcohol and water
Purpose of dosage form
- to dissolve inorganic compounds due to high amount of alcohol
1) What is another name for Syrup NF? Discuss the composition. When are preservatives used?
- simple syrup is another name
- made of purified water and sucrose, medicate syrup add on flavoring agents, coloring agents, therapeutic agent
2) What is a tincture? What importance does the alcohol content serve (be specific)?
Alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solution; high [ ] of plant extract
- high alcohol is help to dissolve inorganic compounds and help preserve
3) What are major components of Opthalmic solutions?
- for eye drops have to be sterile
- some have preservatives and some do not
- buffer
What are reasons for buffering an ophthalmic solution?
To achieve greater comfort to the eye
To render the formulation more stable
To enhance aqueous solubility
To enhance drug’s bioavailability
To maximize preservative efficacy
Why is the viscosity of the (ophthalmic) solution important?
- Increasing the viscosity of the solution will improve duration that the eye is exposed to drug, compared to when less viscous substance is employed.
- more viscous stays on eye longer
A patient has dry eye (no tear production), how may this affect ophthalmic drug therapy?
- want eye drop content to stay on eye as much as possible, so make eye drops more viscous because we want it to stay on the eye. Make more viscous with methylcellulose, hydro…, something else…
- Tears can neutralize any excess hydrogen and hydroxyl ions introduced with the medicated solution. So the eye drop cannot be acidic.
- Tears can prevent any discomfort associated with use of medicines; most agents are weakly acidic (and have a weak buffering capacity). So patient is not able to prevent discomfort because they do not have tears and so eye drop cannot be overstimulating or acidic because they cannot prevent discomfort
alcohol (Ethyl alcohol, ethanol, C2H5OH
USP/NF
Composition
Internal/ External
Intended Purpose
USP
94.9% to 96.9% ethanol
external or internal
purpose
- primary solvent for organic compounds
- used for drugs not soluble in water (for its miscibility in water)
- help dissolve organic compounds to be mixed in water
diluted alcohol
USP/NF
Composition
Internal/ External
Intended Purpose
NF
50% alcohol
50% purified water
external
or internal
- useful hydroalcoholic solvent
- help to dissolve organic compounds
rubbing alcohol
USP/NF
Composition
Internal/ External
Intended Purpose
Neither
70% ethyl alcohol by volume
30% water, stabilizers, perfume oils, color additives, denaturants
external - internal use is discouraged by octa-acetate
disinfectant
glycerin
USP/NF
Composition
Internal/ External
Intended Purpose
USP
glycerin
Internal but can be external too
- preservative
-stabilizer
isopropyl (rubbing?)
alcohol
USP/NF
Composition
Internal/ External
Intended Purpose
~70% isopropyl alcohol
the remaining amount is water, stabilizers, perfumes
externally
but 91% can be internal
To prepare diabetic needles and syringes for hypodermic injections of insulin, a commercially available ~91% isopropyl rubbing alcohol is used also.
- as *rubefacient and soothing rub vehicle for topical purposes.
propylene glycol
USP/NF
Composition
Internal/ External
Intended Purpose
USP
propylene glycol
internal or external
- Used as a solvent for flavors, extracts, drugs, food antioxidants as well as a heat transfer medium
- Can substitute for glycerin in pharmaceutical formulations
purified water
USP/NF
Composition
Internal/ External
Intended Purpose
USP
PURE WATER
Internal or external
Used in the preparation of aqueous dosage forms (except for IV administered drug substances)
Boric acid
what is it used for
what does it do
what is it also called?
used for vaginal douches
what it does
- neutralize odors
- helps to promote the proper acid balance in the vagina
- antifungal douches
also called
sodium borate
Astringents
what are examples of it
what does it do
i.e., potassium, zinc sulfate
draws water out of tissues, causing them to shrink
Quaternary ammonium compounds
what are examples of it
what does it do
benzethonium chloride
kill bacteria, viruses, and mold.
Antimicrobials
what are examples of it
what does it do
(i.e.,oxyquinoline sulfate)
kill or slow the spread of microorganisms
Detergents
what are examples of it
what does it do
i.e., sodium lauryl sulfate
washing and cleaning processes.
Oxidizing agents
what are examples of it
what does it do
sodium perborate
a chemical species that tends to oxidize other substances
salts
what are examples of it
what does it do
i.e, sodium citrate, sodium chloride
— OOHHH can also be useful for patients requiring alkaline urine –For example, uric acid with urinary tract – Or, gout therapy- to reduce crystallization of urates
increase solubility, help reduce itching
Aromatics
what are examples of it?
what does it do
i.e., menthol, thymol, eucalyptol
to smell good!
why use killed virus instead of live attenuated virus for making a viral vaccine
If one compares the present stages of development, then it becomes evident that the advantages of live viral vaccination are due to greater potency. However, killed virus vaccines are safer.
