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KROK 1 BASE > pharma 1 > Flashcards

pharma 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Potentiation

A

one drug ↑ effect of another. e.g. Diazepam + analgesic at a lower dose Clonidine + alcohol = inhibition of CNS Neuroleptanalgesia (fentanyl + droperidol)

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2
Q

Idiosyncrasy

A

hereditary enzymopathy
unpredictable effect. e.g. G6PD-deficiency – hemolytic anemia

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3
Q

Acquired tolerance

A

↓ in effect after days/weeks of treatment e.g. Bisacodyl ,Promedol

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4
Q

tachyphylaxis

A

rapid decrease in drug effect / activity after repetitive use of a drug. e.g. morphinism
indirect-acting adrenergic agonist to treat rhinitis

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5
Q

material accumulation

A

accumulation fo substance. eg. digoxin

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6
Q

indirect functional antagonism

A

opposite effect of 2 drugs having different mechanism of action e.g. Proserin (stimulates skeletal muscles) + halothane (relaxes skeletal muscles, reduces proserin effect)

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7
Q

direct antagonism

A

both drugs bind to the same receptor e.g. Proserin + atropine

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8
Q

teratogenic effect

A

harmful effect on fetus during pregnancy e.g. Paracetamol / Sodium valproate / Doxycycline / Ciprofloxacine

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9
Q

glucose 6- phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency

A

hemolytic anemia e.g. Aspirin / Sulfonamides / Quinine (chingamin) / Primaquine

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10
Q

induction of microsomal enzymes P450

A

PHENOBARBITAL

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11
Q

Withdrawal /
Abstinence syndrome

A

when patient stopstaking a drug suddenly prednisolone, b-blockers

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12
Q

Proserine
Cholinomimetics (Cholinergicagonists)

A

cholinesterase inhibitor/ anticholinesterase drug.
paralysis / enteroparesis myasthenia to restore/stimulate intestinal peristalsis bladder atony / urinary retention
Intoxication: stimulation of parasympathetic nervous system: myosis, sweating (hyperhydration), salivation, nausea+vomiting, diarrhea + muscle spasms (for anticholinesterases / proserin)

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13
Q

Mushroom
poisoning
(muscarine

A

muscarine stimulates M-cholinergic receptors stimulation of parasympathetic NS
Intoxication: myosis, sweating, hypersalivation, nausea+vomiting, diarrhea, bronchoconstriction, hypotension

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14
Q

Atropine

A

cholinergic blocker muscarinic/ M-blocker
antispasmodic bradycardia to decrease salivation to prevent hypersalivation and laryngospasm
Intoxication: thirst (dry mouth)+dilated pupils (mydriasis)/impaired vision +tachycardia+ agitation Contraindication: glaucoma

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15
Q

Dithyline

A

depolarizing muscle relaxantinitial twitching
/ contraction of muscles
trachea intubation during surgery
Side effect: respiratory paralysis Antidote: fresh frozen/ citrated plasma

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16
Q

Tubocurarine
(Curariform subs)

A

non-depolarizing muscle
relaxant
relaxation of all skeletal muscles Mechanism: blockade of N-cholinergic receptors of the synaptic membrane Antidote: Proserin (to restore spontaneous respiration)

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17
Q

Noradrenalin

A

non-selective adrenergic
agonist
hypotension (activates of α1-receptors)

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18
Q

Mesatone (Phenylephrine)

A

-adrenergic agonist, activation of α1-receptors
acute hypotension collapse/ acute vascular insufficiency (low BP) for pupil dilation (ophtalmology)

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19
Q

Isadrin (Isoproterenol)

A

β1+β2-adrenergic agonist
bronchial asthma (not recommended)
Side effect: heart stimulation: tachycardia, more frequent stenocardia attacks

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20
Q

Adrenaline (Epinephrine)

A

non-selective adrenergic agonist
anaphylactic shock insulin overdose (hypoglycemia)
Effects: increases the strength of cardiac contractions, activates cardiac (heart) β-adrenergic receptors increases plasma glucose level by activation of glycogenolysis in liver

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21
Q

Reserpine

A

hypotensive, sympatolytic
hypertension
Side effects: sleepiness, stomach pain

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22
Q

Lidocaine

A

local anesthetic
+ antiarrhythmicdrug
all types of anesthesia
blocks sodium ion channels Mechanism: membrane ionic

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23
Q

Novocaine
(Procaine)

A

local anesthetic
blocks sodium ion channels

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24
Q

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors Antidepressants Amithriptiline

A

inhibit MAO ↑ levels of dopamine, noradrenaline, serotonin in synapses
depression DO NOT change Acetylcholine levels

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25
Q

Aminazine

A

antipsychotic neuroleptic drug
hallucinations psychosis (alcoholic) schizophrenia

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26
Q

Droperidol

A

neuroleptic
+ fentanyl = neuroleptanalgesia

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27
Q

Diazepam

A

benzodiazepinetranquilizer
for sedation/ anxiety/ neurosis sleeplessness epilepsy / epileptic seizures, status epilepticus

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28
Q

Nitrazepam

A

benzodiazepine,sedative-hypnotic GABA-ergic system activation hypnotic with tranquillizing effect
insomnia (caused by emotional disorder)

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29
Q

Levodopa

A

stimulates dopamine receptors
Parkinson’s disease

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30
Q

Sodium valproate

A

anticonvulsant
epilepsy / depression
teratogenic

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31
Q

Phenobarbital

A

barbiturates
sedative-hypnotic anticonvulsant
Inducer of microsomal oxidation enzymes P450

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32
Q

Sodium bromide
Bromine salts

A

sedative
neurasthenia
Side effects: rhinitis + conjunctivitis +cough, skin rashes

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33
Q

Piracetam

A

nootropic drug
to improve their memory

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34
Q

Morphine narcotic analgesic

A

narcotic analgesic / opioid
for severe /strong pain
Overdose: respiratory depression (Chain-Stoke’s respiration) + miosis + coma Antagonist: Naloxon

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35
Q

Naloxon

A

opioid antagonist
acute morphine poisoning

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36
Q

Promedol

A

antispasmodic narcotic analgesic
for severe spasmodic pain bone fragments reposition (fracture) myocardial infarction - to prevent cardiogenic shock urolithiasis, severe pain attack – for shock prevention

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37
Q

Fentanyl

A

narcotic analgesic / opioid
+ droperidol = neuroleptanalgesia

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38
Q

Paracetamol

A

antipyretic / analgesic
fever, pain, flu symptoms

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39
Q

Aspirin

A

anti-inflammatory drug
blocks the action of cyclooxygenase (COX), non-selective

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40
Q

Diclofenac
sodium

A

NSAID
non-selective COX-inhibitor
arthritis (rheumatoid)
Side effects: gastric ulcer (due to COX-1 inhibition)

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41
Q

Celecoxib

A

NSAID
COX-2 selective
for arthritis + peptic ulcer / history of chronic gastritis Side effect: thrombosis of skin veins

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42
Q

oxytocin

A

posterior pituitary hormone
to stimulate uterine contractions to induce labor

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43
Q

vasopressin

A

pituitary hormone
diabetes insipidus

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44
Q

Prednisolon
Glucocorticoids

A

hormone anti-inflammatory drug immunosupressant inhibit phospholipase A2
rheumatoid arthritis systemic diseases
Side effects:↓ corticotropine Immunosuppression, hypertension, osteoporosis, gastric ulcer, hypokalemia, hyperglycemia (gluconeogenesis activation)

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45
Q

Insulin
rapid-acting

A

pancreatic hormone
diabetes mellitus Kussmaul breathing acetone odor of breath
Side effects: hypoglycemia (anxiety, cold sweat, tremors, general weakness, dizziness) Antagonist: Adrenaline hydrochloride

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46
Q

Glibenclamide

A

oral antidiabetic / hypoglycemic sulfonylurea derivative
type 2 / insulin-independent diabetes hyperglycemia + glucosuria

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47
Q

L‐thyroxin

A

thyroid hormone
hypothyroidism / autoimmune thyroiditis

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48
Q

Oral contraceptives

A

inhibit production of gonadotropic hormone

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49
Q

Loratadine

A

antiallergic
II gen antihistamine
blocks H1 receptors
allergic / seasonal vasomotor rhinitis
allergy
24-hour period of action no / weak sedative effect no effect on CNS

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50
Q

Dimedrol
Benadryl
(Diphenhydramine)

A

I generation
antihistamine
+ hypnotic
Allergy symptoms: swelling, hyperemia,
skin itching, skin rash
sedative action with local anesthetic, antispasmodic effects

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51
Q

Vicasol (Menadione)

A

vitamin K synthesis of coagulation factors activate carboxylation of glutaminic acid
for bleeding for haemorrhage prevention (in prothrombin deficiency) nasal hemorrhages / nosebleeds

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52
Q

Nicotinamide

A

vitamin B3
pellagra: dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia

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53
Q

α‐Tocopherol

A

vitamin E
natural antioxidant antiradiation effect pregnancy (miscarriages in anamnesis)

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54
Q

Ascorbicacid +
Rutin

A

vitamin C
scurvy, bleeding gums petechiae on the skin subcutaneous hemorrhages

55
Q

Ergocalciferol

A

vitamin D
rickets facilitates calcium accumulation in bone tissue and dentine

56
Q

Cyanocobalamin

A

Vitamin B 12
megaloblastic anemia

57
Q

Retinol acetate

A

Vitamin A
maintenance of normal vision hemeralopy/night blindness/photoreception disorder xerophthalmia to accelerate healing of ulcer

58
Q

Methyluracil

A

stimulates healing of wounds, fractures accelerates formation of connective tissue matrix

59
Q

Digoxin / Digitoxin

A

cardiac glycoside long-acting cardiotonic
chronic (congestive) heart failure/ insufficiency + atrial flutter (tachyarrhythmia)
Side effects: material accumulation (nausea, fatigue, extrasystole) Intoxication: arrhythmia, nausea, ↓ diuresis, insomnia, disturbed perception of colors action - to withhold digitoxin

60
Q

Strophanthin / Corglycon

A

cardiac glycoside short-acting
acute heart failure (rapid pulse, dyspnea, edema of lower extremities, ascites)

61
Q

Dobutamine

A

β1-adrenergic agonist non-glycoside cardiotonic
acute heart failure cardiogenic shock + hypotension

62
Q

Lidocaine

A

antiarrhythmic drug
paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia

63
Q

Propranolol
(Anaprilin)

A

β-blocker non-selective
decreases pumping ability of heart hypertension + ↑ renin angina / stenocardia arrhythmia
Contraindicated in bronchial asthma

64
Q

Metoprolol

A

selective β1-
adrenoceptor blockers
stenocardia (angina) + high blood pressure (hypertension)

65
Q

Lisinopril

A

ACE inhibitor
antihypertensive
↓ angiotensin II
hypertension
Side effects: hyperkalemia

66
Q

Clonidine (Clophelin)

A

central α2-adrenoceptor
agonist
hypertensive crisis
Side effects: dry mouth, sleepiness and sluggishness

67
Q

Amiodarone

A

antiarrhythmic drug
blocks potassium (K) channels arrhythmia

68
Q

Verapamil

A

calcium channels blocker
angina, hypertension arrhythmia

69
Q

Amlodipine

A

calcium channels blocker
arterial hypertension

70
Q

Nitroglycerine Organic nitrates

A

nitrate antianginal drug
angina pectoris (stenocardia) - reduces the myocardial oxygen
consumption improves blood
supply of myocardium - restoration of energy supply
(intensification of ATP resynthesis)
Side effects: headache, hyperemia of face Cyanide toxicity – formation of methemoglobin

71
Q

Magnesium sulfate

A

Intravenous ( IV): antihypertensive anticonvulsant Oral use – laxative, cholagogue
hypertensive crisis sedation antihypertensive effect sedative, spasmolytic and anticonvulsive effect
Antagonist: Calcium chloride

72
Q

Panangin

A

K+Mg aspartate
hypokalemia

73
Q

Furosemide

A

diuretic
in cerebral/pulmonary edema acute poisoning (forced diuresis)

74
Q

Spironolactone

A

diuretic
aldosterone
antagonist
to increase diuretic effect to prevent K+ loss add to “digoxin + thiazide” hyperaldosteronism
WILL NOT have diuretic effect on a patient with Addison’s disease

75
Q

Hydrochlorothiazide

A

diuretic
hypertension
chronic heart failure
increases digoxin toxicity (excretion of K+)

76
Q

Allopurinol

A

uricosuric
reduces uric acid
gout
Mechanism: competitive inhibitor ofxanthine oxidase

77
Q

Aspirin Acetylsalicylic acid

A

antiplatelet drug
disaggregating (antiplatelet) effect stenocardia prophylaxis of thrombosis

78
Q

haparin

A

direct/ natural anticoagulant
thrombosis parenteral use
Side effects: bleeding / hemorrhage / hematuria Antagonist – Protamine sulfate

79
Q

Warfarin

A

indirect anticoagulant antagonist of vitamin K
to prevent thrombosis ↓prothrombin
Side effects: bleeding / hemorrhage Antagonist: Vicasol / fresh frozen plasma

80
Q

sodium chloride

A

simple blood substitute
after acute hemorrhage

81
Q

Pirenzepine

A

M-cholinergic blocker
chronic gastritis with increased secretion

82
Q

Almagel

A

antacid
hyperacidity heartburn
↓ absorption of other drugs Almagel + antibiotic = no effect

83
Q

Sodium
hydrocarbonate

A

antacid
Hyperacidity / heartburn chronic hyperacidic gastritis
Not recommended sensation of stomach swelling

84
Q

Metoclopramide

A

antiemetic + prokinetic
nausea, vomiting

85
Q

Myotropic antispasmodics(papaverin, drotaverin)

A

intestinal spasms/colic
Side effects: ↓ BP

86
Q

Famotidine

A

histamine H2-receptor blocker (in stomach)
peptic ulcer disease

87
Q

Contrycal (Aprotinin)

A

proteolysis inhibitor enzyme inhibitor
acute pancreatitis

88
Q

Bisacodyl

A

laxative
constipation

89
Q

Ambroxol Acetylcystein

A

expectorant mucolytic drug pathogenetic therapy
wet cough chronic bronchitis

90
Q

Glaucine

A

antitussive non-narcotic
dry cough

91
Q

Aethimizole

A

analeptic
newborn child with asphyxia

92
Q

Salbutamol

A

β2-adrenergic agonist
asthma / bronchospasm

93
Q

Bronchospasm
management

A

activate β2-adrenergic receptors block M-cholinergic receptors (reduce effect of vagus)

94
Q

Potassium
permanganate

A

antiseptic
oxidizing agent
releases (atomic) oxygen
gastric lavage in morphine poisoning skin (burns) cleaning

95
Q

Alcohol solution of
Iodine

A

halogen-containing
antiseptic
Mechanism: substitution of hydrogen atoms pustular rash on the skin dermatomycosis (fungal infection of skin)

96
Q

Hydrogen
peroxide

A

antiseptic
oxidizing agent
to rinse the oral cavity for gingivitis

97
Q

Chloramine

A

disinfection

98
Q

Co‐trimoxazole

A

sulfonamide ↓ folic acid
toxoplasmosis
Side effects: macrocytic anemia

99
Q

Benzylpenicillin (Penicillin G)

A

β-lactam antibiotic
bacterial pneumonia
Mechanism of action: inhibition of cell wall synthesis / blocks synthesis of peptidoglycan of microbal membrane Side effects: allergic reactions neurotoxicity(antagonism withGABA)

100
Q

Amoxicillin

A

broad-spectrum penicillin
bacillary dysentery

101
Q

Azithromycin
Erythromycin

A

macrolide antibiotic binds to the 50S inhibit protein synthesis (elongation)
pneumonia

102
Q

Doxycycline

A

broad spectrum antibiotic tetracycline group
cholera plague
Side effects: affects bones and teeth teratogenic avoid in pregnancy !!!DO NOT take with milk avoid sunlight / long stay in the sun

103
Q

Cephalosporins

A

broad-spectrum antibiotics
septic infections

104
Q

ciprofloxacin

A

fluroquinolone antibiotic
side effect: damage to the cartilage
contraindicated in children under 15

105
Q

Lincomycin

A

antibiotic
osteomyelitis
easily penetrates into bone tissue

106
Q

Aminoglycosides
(gentamicin)

A

antibiotic
Side effect: hearing impairment and vestibular disorders (ototoxicity) + nephrotoxicity

107
Q

Amicacin

A

antibiotic aminoglycoside
for gram-negative Pseudomonas infection

108
Q

Laevomycetin / Chloramphenicol

A

broad spectrum antibiotic
typhoid fever
patient’s condition worsened ‐ effects of endotoxins of the causative agent

109
Q

dysbacteriosis

A

complication of antibiotic therapy
eubiotics are used to normalize intestinal microflora

110
Q

Izoniazid

A

Antibiotic Antivitamin (B6)
interacts with NAD tuberculosis (TBC)
Side effect: peripheral neuritis / polyneuritis / neuritis of visual nerve Vitamin B6 for prevention

111
Q

Streptomycin

A

antibiotic
tuberclosis
Side effect: hearing deterioration

112
Q

Rifampicin

A

antibiotic
tuberclosis
Side effect: colors urine red

113
Q

Acyclovir

A

antiviral
herpes virus

114
Q

Metronidazole

A

antiprotozoal drug anti-anaerobic
lambliosis amebic dysentery trichomoniasis + Anaerobic infection
Don’t use with alcohol (disulfiram-like effect)

115
Q

Fluconazole

A

antifungal/ antimycotic
drug
fungal infection / mycosis candidiasis

116
Q

Nystatin

A

antifungal
oral thrush

117
Q

mebendazole

A

antihelmintic
ascariasis

118
Q

Chingamin

A

malaria
amebiasis
treatment individual chemoprophylaxis
Antimalarial drugs - antagonists of riboflavin (vitB2): ↓FAD-dependent dehydrogenase

119
Q

tripsin

A

enzymatic drug for topical treatment
to clean the wound from necrotic tissues

120
Q

Calcium chloride

A

direct coagulant “hot injection”
to stop the bleeding After injection: pain along the vein, hot sensation

121
Q

Methotrexate

A

anticancer / antimetabolite immunosupressant
inhibits dehydrofolate reductase ↓ folic acid / DNAsynthesis

122
Q

Unithiol / Dimercaprol

A

antidote
Digoxin overdose Bismuth intoxication / heavy metals poisoning (lead)

123
Q

ethanol

A

antidote
methanol toxication

124
Q

Eubiotics

A

dysbacteriosis

125
Q

Adsorbents
Activated charcoal

A

poisoning

126
Q

reflective type from the H-cholinomimetics group was given to the patient for restoration of breathing after poisoning with carbon monoxide

A

Lobeline hydrochloride

127
Q

pneumonia has intolerance to antibiotics. Which of the conbined sulfanilamide medicines should be prescribed to the patient?

A

Biseptol

128
Q

Diuretic drug was prescribed to the patient with hypertension in the course of complex treatment. In a few days BP decreased but signs of hypokaliemia developed

A

lasix

129
Q

diclofenac
sodium

A

NSAID
non-selective COX-inhibitor
arthritis (rheumatoid)
Side effects: gastric ulcer (due to COX-1 inhibition)

130
Q

surgical department because of infection caused by blue pus bacillus (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) which is sensative to penicillin antibiotics

A

Carbenicillin disodium

130
Q

surgical department because of infection caused by blue pus bacillus (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) which is sensative to penicillin antibiotics

A

Carbenicillin disodium

131
Q

During an operation a patient got injection of muscle relaxant dithylinum. Relaxation of skeletal muscles and inhibition of respiration lasted two hours. This condition was caused by absence of the following enzyme in blood serum:

A

Butyrylcholin esterase

132
Q

wound from the pus washed it with 3% hydrogen peroxide. Foam was absence. What caused the absents on the drug activity?

A

Inherited insufficiency of catalase

KROK 1 BASE (8 decks)

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