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Pharmacology > Pharm9 > Flashcards

Pharm9 Flashcards

1
Q

Vomit

A

a protective mechanism designed to remove irritating substances from the GI tract

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2
Q

Triggered by four types of stimuli:

A
  1. Irritation of tissues innervated by vagus nerve
  2. Stimulation of the chemoreceptor trigger zone
  3. Stimulation of vestibular nerve
  4. Stimulation of cerebral cortex
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3
Q

Emesis

A
  • Induction of vomiting is sometimes indicated in animals to remove toxic substances from GI tract
  • Vomiting must be induced w/in 2 hrs. for liquids, w/in 4 hrs. for solids
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4
Q

Do not induce vomiting if

A

o caustic substance was ingested
o gasoline or other petroleum products were ingested
o animal is unconscious or extremely depressed
o animal cannot normally vomit

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5
Q

Drugs used to induce vomiting

A

• Two types available:
o Centrally acting emetics- stimulate dopamine receptors in the CNS
o Locally acting emetics- cause irritation of the GI tract

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6
Q

Apomorphine

A

Stimulates dopamine in the CRTZ chemoreceptor trigger zone
IM, IV subconjuctivly
 centrally acting emetic
 rapid onset of effect
 given IV, IM, or subconjunctivally
 adverse effects include CNS depression, prolonged vomiting

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7
Q

Xylazine

A 
Works at the CRTZ
o	centrally acting emetic 
o	used mostly in cats
o	dose is lower than preanesthetic or sedation dose
o	effect can be reversed with yohimbine
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8
Q

Locally acting Emetics

A 
•	Hydrogen peroxide, warm concentrated salt water, mustard and water
o	locally acting emetic solutions 
o	may not work consistently 
o	H2O2= 1-2mls per kg
Max dose is 30mls
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9
Q

Antiemetics

A

Antiemetics
• Drugs used to decrease or prevent vomiting
• Phenothiazine tranquilizers
o Examples: acepromazine, chlorpromazine, prochlorperazine

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10
Q

General characteristics of Antiemetics

A

 block dopamine receptors in the CNS

 do not prevent vomiting caused by GI irritation

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11
Q

Antihistamines

A

• Examples: diphenhydramine (Benadryl), dimenhydrinate (Dramamine)
o transmission of nerve impulses from vestibular nerve by blocking histamine receptors
o can produce a sedative effect and affect allergy testing

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12
Q

Phenothiazine tranquilizers

A

o Examples: acepromazine, chlorpromazine, prochlorperazine
 block dopamine receptors in the CNS
 do not prevent vomiting caused by GI irritation- vagus nerve

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13
Q

Anticholinergics

A

• Examples: aminopentamide (Centrine), isopropamide (Darbazine), atropine (short lasting)
o block nerve conduction through vagus nerve when there’s GI irritation (block acetylcholine receptors)
o may decrease GI secretions and GI motility
may be more effective

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14
Q

Serotonin receptor antagonists

A

• Examples: ondansetron (Zofran) dolasetron (Anzemet)
o block nerve transmission through vagus nerve when there is GI irritation
o prevent simulation of CRTZ
o seldom used in animals

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15
Q

Metoclopramide (Reglan)

A

o blocks dopamine receptors in the CNS in the CRTZ
o also acts locally in GI tract by:
 increasing lower esophageal muscle tone
 causing relaxation of pylorus
 increasing GI motility
o may cause sedation in dogs, excitement in cats

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16
Q

Maropitant

A

o Newest, widely used antiemetic
o Prevents vomiting centrally and locally
o Labeled for used in dogs to prevent vomiting and motion sickness

17
Q

Anticonvulasants

A

Drugs used to prevent seizure activity

18
Q

Seizure

A

periods of altered brain function due to recurrent abnormal electrical impulses

19
Q

Epilepsy

A

recurrent seizures caused by a brain abnormality

20
Q

Convulsion

A

seizure characterized by spastic muscle movement

21
Q

Preictal phase

A

before seizure occurs

 pacing, panting, anxiety, apprehension

22
Q

Ictal phase

A

seizure occurs, lasts 1-2 minutes

23
Q

Postictal phase

A

after seizure subsides

24
Q

Partial Seizure

A

animal may exhibit spastic muscle contraction in a limb, facial muscles; animal may experience hallucinations, develop apparent blindness or behavioral abnormalities.
Not as common as grand Mal
Fly cacthing behavior, aggressive, restlessness pawing or biting at a limb for no reason

25
Q

Grand Mal Seizure

A

animal unconscious, exhibits spastic muscle contraction over the entire body; salivation, chewing, defecation, urination may occur,
Fall to side, stiff, extension of the neck, repeated muscle contractions

26
Q

Status Epilepticus

A

a continual seizure

27
Q

Causes of seizures

A
  • Idiopathic
  • Hypoxemia
  • Hypoglycemia
  • Hypocalcemia
  • Toxins
  • CNS infections
  • CNS tumors
28
Q

Phenobarbital

A

Phenobarbital
Most popular anticonvulsant drug for long-term control of seizures
The therapeutic dosage varies between individuals
Therapeutic drug concentration monitoring necessary

29
Q

Phenobarbital Side effects

A
  • sedation, incoordination, lethargy (common)

* liver disease and anemia (rare)

30
Q

Phenobarbital

General characteristics:

A

Distribution
• Highly protein bound
• Aspirin and sulfonamides displace it from proteins
Biotransformation
• Metabolized in the liver by the same enzymes that metabolize other veterinary drugs (e.g. glucocorticoids, phenylbutazone, estrogens, chloramphenicol)

31
Q

Potassium Bromide

A

• Commonly used in conjunction w/ phenobarbital to control seizures
• Has a narrow therapeutic index
GI irritation, sedation seen w/ toxicity
• Eliminated by the kidney
• Available as a powder that is mixed w/ dextrose or corn syrup for oral administration
• Loading dose and therapeutic drug concentration monitoring necessary

32
Q

Diazepam

A

(Valium)
• Drug of choice for emergency treatment of convulsing animals
• Very effective when given intravenously
• Drug is rapidly metabolized by the liver
o Short duration
o Poor effect if given orally to dogs
• Also used as an appetite stimulant, for urine marking and anxiety in cats

33
Q

Loading dose

A

Higher amount of drug being given to the animal at the beginning of the treatment period. Establish higher drug concentration level in the circulating blood.

34
Q

Levetiracetam (Keppra)

A

(Keppra)

o Used on dogs (cats) when phenobarbital and/or potassium bromide aren’t controlling seizures adequatel

35
Q

Zonisamide

A

Used on dogs with refractory seizure activity

36
Q

Primidone

A

Drug is metabolized into phenobarbital by the liver

37
Q

Doxapram

A

• (Dopram)
o Stimulates the respiratory center in the brainstem
o Used to counteract apnea, slow breathing
o Used w/ caution in animals prone to seizures
- CNS Stimulants

Pharmacology (9 decks)

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