Pharm8

Question 1

General characteristics of Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO)

Answer 1

 Inactivates superoxide radicals produced during inflammation
 Penetrates intact skin, can be used as vehicle to carry drugs into body
 Adverse effects include erythema, edema and itching (w/ topical use), hemolysis (w/ IV administration)
 Available as a medical-grade solvent and industrial-grade solvent

Question 2

Anatomy varies amongst animal but three functional segments exist:

Answer 2

o Stomach (gastric)
o Small Intestine (enteric)
o Large Intestine (colonic)

Question 3

Physiology of GI tract is similar in all domestic animals. It has three basic functions:

Answer 3

o Transport food-
o Secrete digestive enzymes
o Absorb nutrients
Mostly small intestine

Question 4

Parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems in the GI

Answer 4

PNS- favor food digestion and absorption, increase gut motility, increase blood flow, increase secretion
SNS- (flight)- decrease secretions, blood flow, gut motility

Question 5

Prostaglandin E in the GI

Answer 5

– produced by GI cells
o	inc. intestinal mucus production
o	dec. HCl acid secretion
o	increase. intestinal motility
o	inc. blood supply to GI tract

Question 6

Factors that influence the three basic functions of the GI

Answer 6

1. Parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems
2. Prostaglandin E
3. Hydrochloric acid (HCl) production in the stomach
4. Irritating compounds and bacterial toxins

Question 7

Hydrochloric acid (HCl) production in the stomach

Answer 7

– produced by parietal cells in response to
o Histamine
o Gastrin
o Acetylcholine
There is medication that can block each of these receptors and decrease HCL production

Question 8

Gastrointestinal Drugs

Answer 8

• Antidiarrheals
• Laxatives, Lubricants, Stool Softeners
• Antiulcer Drugs
• Emetics
• Antiemetics

Question 9

Diarrhea

Answer 9

abnormally frequent discharge of fecal matter of increased volume and fluid content

Question 10

Causes of diarrhea

Answer 10

 Maldigestion or malabsorption of food
 Hypersecretion of intestinal fluid
 Increased permeability of intestinal mucosal blood vessels
 Increased intestinal motility

Question 11

Antidiarrheal Drugs

Answer 11

o Most are used to treat the symptom but not the primary cause of the diarrhea

Question 12

Antidiarrheals that modify intestinal motility slow movement of bowel contents

Answer 12

 include opioid analgesics and anticholinergics

 not frequently used because large a proportion of diarrheas in small animals involve decreased motility

Question 13

General characteristics of Opiod Analgesics

Answer 13

 Controlled drugs
 Mask pain associated w/ disease
 Increase contact time between toxins and mucosa

Question 14

Opiod Analgesics

Answer 14

 Examples: diphenoxylate (Lomotil), paregoric (tincture of opium), loperamide (Imodium)
with time, cause increase motility
Increase segmental contractions, fewer peristalsis

Question 15

Anticholinergics

Answer 15

o Examples: atropine, isopropamide (Darbazine), aminopentamide (Centrine)
o Block the effect of acetylcholine
o Effective vs. diarrheas caused by increased colonic contractions
o Block the PNS on the GI, blocks Ach

Question 16

Absorbents and Protectants

Answer 16

Prevent irritating compounds and bacterial toxins from contacting the intestinal mucosa

Question 17

Examples and general characteristics of Absorbents and Protectants

Answer 17

1. Activated charcoal
2. Kaolin and Pectin (Kaopectate)
3. Bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol)

Question 18

Activated charcoal

Answer 18

adsorbs enterotoxins to its surface

Question 19

Kaolin and Pectin (Kaopectate)

Answer 19

• adsorbs enterotoxins
• coats the intestinal bowel wall
not sure if toxin was injestion

Question 20

Bismuth subsalicylate

Answer 20

(Pepto-Bismol)
• bismuth carbonate coats intestinal mucosa
• salicylate decreases fluid secretion
contains an asprin= decrease inflammation

Question 21

Laxatives

Answer 21

Increase the fluid content of feces to facilitate passage

Question 22

Irritant laxatives

Answer 22

(castor oil, phenolphthalein)
 irritate the intestinal mucosa
 increase fluid secretion and peristaltic activity

Question 23

Bulk laxatives

Answer 23

[bran, methylcellulose, psyllium (Metamucil), magnesium salts (Milk of Magnesia, Epsom Salts), phosphate salts (Fleet Enema)]
 osmotically pull water into intestinal lumen
 salts may dehydrate the animal- draw water into the lumen of the intestine
 absorption of minerals from intestine may cause electrolyte imbalances
 addition of fiber

Question 24

Lubricants

Answer 24

o Make stool more slippery for easy passage through the bowel
o Examples: mineral oil, cod liver oil, white petrolatum

Question 25

General characteristics of Lubricants

Answer 25

 mineral oil is tasteless |  long-term use can decrease absorption of lipid-soluble

Question 26

Stool Softeners

Answer 26

o Reduce surface tension of the feces allowing water to penetrate dry stool o Example: docusate sodium succinate (Colace)

Question 27

General characteristics

Answer 27

 May also increase mucosal fluid secretion |  May promote absorption of mineral oil in GI tract leading to hepatitis

Question 28

Prokinetic Drugs

Answer 28

o Cisapride o Stimulates colon motility o Used to prevent constipation in cats

Question 29

Intended to counteract the processes that lead to GI ulcer formation

Answer 29

```  hyperacidity  direct injury by drugs or chemicals  reflux of bile from duodenum into stomach  accumulation of metabolic toxins  decreased PGE production ```

Question 30

Antiulcer Drugs

Answer 30

o Most drugs currently used function as antacids in the stomach o Antacids decrease gastric irritation by decreasing acidity

Question 31

Nonsystemic antacids

Answer 31

o Examples: calcium carbonate (Tums, Rolaids), magnesium hydroxide (Carmilax, Riopan), aluminum hydroxide (Amphojel)  minerals directly neutralize acid molecules in the stomach  Ca and Al antacids can cause constipation, Mg antacids can cause diarrhea  may interfere w/ absorption of other drugs

Question 32

Systemic antacids

Answer 32

o Examples: cimetidine (Tagamet), ranitidine (Zantac), famotidine (Pepcid)  decrease gastric acid secretion in stomach by blocking histamine receptor on parietal cell  cimetidine inhibits metabolism of some other drugs by the liver

Question 33

Omeprazole

Answer 33

• (Prilosec) |  binds to an enzyme in the parietal cell to prevent secretion of H+ into the intestinal lumen

Question 34

Sucralfate

Answer 34

• (Carafate)  forms sticky paste that protects an active ulcer  promotes production of PGE  should not administer at the same time as antacid medications

Question 35

Misoprostol

Answer 35

• (Cytotec)  Synthetic PGE  Used to treat NSAID overdose