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Pharmacology > Pharm3 > Flashcards

Pharm3 Flashcards

1
Q

Humans and exposure to drug residues:

A

o Allergies
o Carcinogenic
o Promote antibiotic resistance

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2
Q

Drug’s half-life

A
  • Drug elimination rates are dependent on a drug’s half-life

* Drug’s half-life is used to determine dosage interval and withdrawal time

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3
Q

Drug Effect

A
  • Drugs must combine w/ cellular receptors to exert their effect
  • Cellular receptors bind only specific drugs
  • Drugs have an effect only on tissues that have receptors they can bind to
  • The tendency of a drug to bind to a receptor and its ability to produce the desired effect can vary
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4
Q

Agonist

A
  • chemical that binds to a receptor and activates the receptor to produce a biological response
  • affinity and efficacy “fit”- opiods
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5
Q

Partial agonist

A
  • drugs that bind to and activate a given receptor, but have only partial efficacy at the receptor relative to a full agonist
  • buprenorphine- binds and exerts effect, but not as pronounced
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6
Q

Antagonist

A
  • a substance that interferes with or inhibits the physiological action of another.
  • Naloxone- binds and the receptor is blocked from other opoids
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7
Q

Types of cellular effects observed after drug binds to receptor

A 
secretion of a substance (GnRH)
cell death (Lysodren)
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8
Q

Nonreceptor

A

Mediated drug effects (i.e. drugs exert their effect w/o binding to a receptor)
*Mannitol, EDTA, Antacids

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9
Q

Antimicrobials

A

• Drugs that kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms
* action described as bactericidal, bacteriostatic, virucidal, fungicidal
• Can be administered orally, injected parenterally, or applied topically

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10
Q

Antimicrobials Can be divided into two groups:

A
  1. Drugs for external application

2. Drugs for internal administration

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11
Q

Disinfectants and antiseptics

A
  • chemical agents used to decrease microbe #’s in the environment
  • meant for external application only
  • spectrum of activity, environmental condition required for proper use, and individual characteristics vary between agents
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12
Q

Antibiotics and antifungals

A

drugs intended for use w/in the body for systemic distribution

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13
Q

Successful use of Antibiotics and antifungals requires that:

A
  1. Microorganism be susceptible to antimicrobial (G+,G-)
  2. Antimicrobial reach site of infection in high enough concentrations (Abscess)
  3. Animal tolerate antimicrobial and its side effects (vomiting/diarrhea, nephrotoxicity)
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14
Q

Antibiotic susceptibility

A

the effectiveness of an antibiotic in inhibiting the growth of bacteria is reflected in its measurable minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)

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15
Q

Antibiotic resistance

A
  • bacteria’s ability to not be affected by an antibiotic
  • can be the result of genetic mutations in individual bacteria that are passed on to future generations
  • inappropriate administration of antibiotics can also promote resistance
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16
Q

The mechanism by which an antimicrobial kills or inhibits the growth of bacteria varies

A
  • some inhibit cell wall formation
  • some change the permeability of the cell membrane
  • some inhibit protein synthesis
  • some interfere w/ metabolism
  • some damage bacterial DNA or RNA
17
Q

Penicillins

A

o First widely used antibiotic
o Developed in 1940’s
o First line of defense
o Examples: procaine penicillin G, benzathine penicillin G, ampicillin, amoxicillin, cloxacillin, carbenicillin, ticarcillin

18
Q

Penicillin Mechanism of action

A

Interfere w/ formation of bacterial cell wall in actively growing bacteria

19
Q

Distribution and Elimination of penicillin

A

o Distribution– distributed well to most tissues except CNS

o Elimination– excreted mostly by the kidney in an unchanged form

20
Q

Absorption of penicillin

A

 Good after parenteral or oral administration
 Pen. G not absorbed well orally
 Give on an empty stomach, except amoxicillin

21
Q

Penicillin’s Spectrum of Activity

A
  • Effective vs. most G+ bacteria
  • Resistant G+ bacteria secrete β-lactamase enzyme that disrupts the structure of the penicillin molecule
  • Not effective vs. most G- bacteria
22
Q

Precautions of penicllin

A

o Possible allergic reactions: fever, swollen lymph nodes, facial swelling, skin rash, shock
o Possible anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea with oral administration
o Can lead to “superinfection” in guinea pigs, hamsters, rabbits
o Do not use w/ bacteriostatic antibiotics
o Withdrawal times must be observed in food animals

23
Q

Cefpodoxime

A

(Simplicef)
• oral antibiotic
• administered SID for skin infections

24
Q

Cephalosporins

A
  • Similar properties as penicillins
  • Use on gram +
  • Examples: cephalexin (BID), cefazolin, cefadroxil, cephapirin, ceftiofur,
25
Q

Mechanism of Action of Cephalosporins

A

Inhibit the formation of the cell wall in actively growing bacteria

26
Q

Absorption of Cephalosporins

A
  • Absorbed well after parenteral or oral administration

- Absorbed more slowly in the presence of food

27
Q

Distribution, Metabolism, Elimination of Cephalosporins

A

– distributed well to all tissues except CNS

– excreted by the kidney either unchanged or after being metabolized by the liver

28
Q

Spectrum of Activity of Cephalosporins

A
  • First generation: G+ bacteria
  • Second and third generation: G+ and some G- bacteria
  • Ineffective against penicillin resistant bacteria
29
Q

Precautions of Cephalosporins

A
  • Possible allergic reactions: fever, swollen lymph nodes, facial swelling, skin rash, shock
  • May cause pain when injected IM
  • Oral administration may cause vomiting, diarrhea, and anorexia
  • Do not use w/ bacteriostatic antibiotics
  • Potentially toxic to kidneys if overdosed
  • Observe withdrawal times
30
Q

Aminoglycosides

A
  • Powerful G- antibiotics
  • Not generally used in food animals
  • Examples: gentamicin, amikacin, kanmycin, neomycin, streptomycin, tobramycin
31
Q

Mechanism of action of Aminoglycosides

A

Inhibit bacterial protein synthesis by attaching to the bacterial ribosome

32
Q

Absorption of Aminoglycosides

A
  • Hydrophilic at physiologic pH
  • Not well absorbed from the GI tract of the uterus
  • Absorbed well after parenteral injection
33
Q

Distribution and Elimination of Aminoglycosides

A

• Does not penetrate CNS
• Tends to accumulate in the inner ear tissues and
Elimination– excreted by the kidney

34
Q

Spectrum of Activity of Aminoglycosides

A
  • Broad spectrum of activity: effective vs. G- and some G+
  • Widely used against G- bacteria
  • Not effective against anaerobic bacteria

Pharmacology (9 decks)

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