Pharm6

Question 1

External Antiparasitics

Answer 1

o They can have potent toxic effects
o Used to eliminate common external parasites of domestic animalsà flies, lice, ticks, mites, fleas, mosquitoes (infectious disease)

Question 2

Various forms of External Antiparasitics

Answer 2

 Small animals- collars, powders, dips, aerosols, pump sprays, shampoo, foggers, foams, spot-ons
 Large animals- dust bags, pump sprays, pour-ons, ear tags

Question 3

Imidacloprid

Answer 3

• (Advantage)
o Spot-on medication for topical application
o General characteristics
 Kills adult fleas
 Provides residual effect of at least 4 wks.
 Very safe to use
 Not for use in very young pups or kittens

Question 4

Fipronil

Answer 4

• (Frontline, Top Spot)
o Popular topical medication that kills adult fleas and ticks
o General characteristics
 Available as a spray or spot-on
 Provides 30-day residual activity
 Not for use in very young pups or kittens

Question 5

Selamectin

Answer 5

• (Revolution)
o Spot-on formulation
o Effective against fleas and mites

Question 6

Spinosad

Answer 6

• (comfortis)
o Chewable tablet administered orally once a month for flea control
o Animals must be at least 14 wks age and meet minimum weight requirements.

Question 7

Fluralaner

Answer 7

• (bravecto)
o Chewable tablets administered for orally every 12 weeks for flea and tick control
o Animals must be 6 months of age
o Avoid with animals with history of seizure

Question 8

Nitenpyram

Answer 8

• (Capstar)
o Administered orally
o Starts killing fleas w/in 30 minutes, most gone by 4 hrs.

Question 9

Botanical Insecticides

Answer 9

o	Derived from plants
	Short persistence in environment
	Low toxicity to animals
	Two products commonly used
•	Rotenone and Pyrethrins

Question 10

Rotenone

Answer 10

o Found in Duradip, Pet Dip, Goodwinol Ointment
 Use on dogs and cats to kill fleas, mites
 Not for use in kittens < 4 wks., suckling pups

Question 11

Pyrethrins

Answer 11

o Made from a natural extract of the chrysanthemum flower

o Found in Aurimite, Mitaclear, Mycodex Pet Shampoo, Ovitrol Plus, Siphotrol, Synerkyl

Question 12

General characteristics of Pyrethrins

Answer 12

 One of the largest group of insecticides marketed for use vs. external parasites, household insects
 Safer than other external antiparasitics
 Usually mixed w/ other agents to increase efficacy (e.g. piperonyl butoxide)

Question 13

Precautions of Pyrethrins

Answer 13

 Repeated application necessary
 Cats more susceptible to toxicity, symptoms include but are not limited to:
 Skin irritation, rashes, excessive licking, pruritus, TREMORS, seizures, lethargy, vomiting
 Treat accidental ingestion w/ activated
charcoal, dermal exposure by bathing
 Do not apply to kittens < 4 wks. old, suckling pups

Question 14

Synthetic Pyrethroids examples

Answer 14

 1st generation: allethrin (Adams Surface Spray, Defend Premise Spray, Sensicare Flea and Tick Shampoo)
 2nd generation: resmethrin (Durakyl Shampoo/Spray), tetramethrin (Defend Just For Homes Fogger)
 3rd generation: fenvalerate (Ectrin Insecticide), permethrin (Mycodex Spray, Dermethrin Pet Dip, Defend Flea Shampoo, Atroban, Boss/Expar/Permectrin)

Question 15

General characteristics of Synthetic Pyrethroids

Answer 15

o Lab made products that have increased potency and last longer than pyrethrins
 Greater potency than pyrethrins
 Decompose more slowly when exposed to air or sunlight

Question 16

Organophosphates and Carbamates examples

Answer 16

 Organophosphates: chorpyrifos (Dusban, Duratrol), coumaphos (Co-Ral), cythioate (Proban), diazinon (flea collars), malathion (Adams Flea and Tick Dip), phosmet (Paramite Dip), dichlorvos, primiphos, fenthion, famphur
 Carbamates: carbaryl ( Mycodex Pet Shampoo, Adams Flea and Tick Dust-II, Sevin), propoxur (Baygon), methomyl (Fatal Attraction)

Question 17

Mechanism of action of Organophosphates and Carbamates examples

Answer 17

 Bind and inactivate acetylcholinesterase at neuronal junctions
 Clinical signs of toxicity result from overstimulation of acetylcholine receptors
• salivation, lacrimation, urination, defecation, dyspnea, emesis bradycardia, miosis, muscle tremors followed by weakness and paralysis

Question 18

Precautions of Organophosphates and Carbamates examples

Answer 18

 Be careful about using > one organophostphate product at a time
 Wear gloves when handling these products
 Do not apply to sighthounds, certain breeds of cattle (e.g. Charolais, Simmental, Brahman)
 Atropine is used to counteract toxicity
 Pralidoxime (2-PAM) can also be used to treat toxicity

Question 19

Chlorinated Hydrocarbons

Answer 19

o One of the oldest group of synthetic insecticides, few products available now
o Examples: lindane (Happy Jack Kennel Dip, Screw-Worm Aerosol), methoxychlor (Buzz Off, Ritter’s Flea and Tick Powder).
 *DDT was a chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticide widely used until 1973

Question 20

General characteristics

Answer 20

 Effectively kill most insects on plants and animals
 Can be toxic to humans and wildlife
 Currently used products do not persist in body fat

Question 21

Precautions

Answer 21

 Wear gloves and apron when bathing dog
 Not to be used on puppies or kittens
 < 3 wks. old, foals or calves < 3 mos., lactating animals

Question 22

Amitraz

Answer 22

o Used in the treatment of demodectic mange in dogs, also to kill ticks
o Found in Mitaban, Preventic
o Precautions
 Adverse effects commonly observed when treating for demodectic mange
- –sedation and incoordination

Question 23

Insect Growth Regulators

Answer 23

Impair normal development of immature insects. They do not kill adult insects.

Question 24

Examples

Answer 24

 Lufenuron (Program, Sentinel)

 Methoprene (Siphotrol, Ovitrol)

Question 25

Lufenuron

Answer 25

 (Program, Sentinel)
• administered orally to dogs and cats, also by injection in cats
• interferes w/ flea egg formation and development of the flea larva exoskeleton

Question 26

Methoprene

Answer 26

 (Siphotrol, Ovitrol)
• applied to animal’s skin (spray, collar)
• causes adult fleas to produce larva that do not mature

Question 27

Pyriproxyfen

Answer 27

o applied to animal’s skin
o causes adult fleas to
o produce larva that
o do not mature