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Pharmacology > Pharm5 > Flashcards

Pharm5 Flashcards

1
Q

Florfenicol

A
  • Chloramphenicol-type antibiotic approved for use in cattle
  • Not toxic
  • 28 day withrawal
  • Not for use in adult dairy cows or veal calves
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2
Q

Miconazole

A

•commonly used to treat dermatophytosis (ringworm)

Topical Antifungals

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3
Q

Nystatin

A

o available for topical and oral administration
o usually combined w/ other drug agents for application
does not treat ringworm
topical antifungal

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4
Q

Griseofulvin

A

o oral antifungal agent
o reaches high concentrations in skin, hair, and nails
o toxicity possible in pregnant animals and cats- abnormalities in fetus
tablet or suspension, powder for horse

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5
Q

Ketoconazole, Itraconazole

A

o oral administration
o used to treat systemic infections
o adverse effects possible w/ sytemic use
to treat malassezia pachydermitis (ear infection, other areas of body)

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6
Q

Amphotericin B

A

o administered IV

o adverse efffects possible w/ systemic use

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7
Q

Antiviral Drugs

A
  • Lysine (Viralys)
  • Famciclovir
  • Oceltamivir (Tamiflu)
  • Alfa interferon
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8
Q

Antiparasitics

A

Constitute largest group of drugs used in veterinary medicine
Dispensed by vets and sold OTC
Wide variety available

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9
Q

Understanding parasite’s life cycle is important for proper use

A
  • may only be effective against adult parasites

- other steps may be necessary for successful treatment

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10
Q

Anthelmintic

A

drug used to kill helminth parasites (nematodes, cestodes, trematodes)

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11
Q

Antiparasitic

A

drug used to kill or inhibit the growth of interal and external parasites

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12
Q

Antinematodal

A

antiparasitic that is effective against nematodes or roundowrms

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13
Q

Anticestodal

A

antiparasitic that is effective against cestodes or tapeworms

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14
Q

Antiprotozoal

A

antiparasitic that is effective against protazoa

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15
Q

Antitrematodal

A

antiparasitic that is effective against trematodes or flukeworms

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16
Q

Antinematodals

A
  • Tetrahydropyrimidines
  • Benzimidazoles
  • Piperazines
  • Avermectins
  • Organophosphates
  • Levamisole
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17
Q

Tetrahydropyrimidines

A
  • Safe antiparasitics used in most species

* Examples: pyrantel (Strongid, Nemex, Banminth), morantel (Nematel)

18
Q

General characteristics of Tetrahydropyrimidines

A

-kill parasites by interfering w/ their CNS
-adequate spectrum of activity
Horses– ascarids, strongyles, pinworms
Cattle– trichostrongyles
Dogs and Cats– ascarids, hookworms

19
Q

Precautions of Tetrahydropyrimidines

A

o Liquid forms of pyrantel should be shaken before administration
o Be careful about using it w/ an organophosphate insecticide

20
Q

Benzimidazoles

A

• Some of the most commonly used and most effective antiparasitics
• Examples: fenbendazole (Panacur), mebendazole (Telmin), thiabendazole (Equizole), oxibendazole (Filaribits Plus, Anthelcide), albendazole (Valbazen), oxfenbendazole (Synanthic)
*febantel (Drontal Plus, Rintal)
-Kill parasites by interfering w/ energy metabolism

21
Q

Wide spectrum of activity of Benzimidazoles

A

-Horses– effective vs. strongyles, pinworms, ascarids
-Cattle– effective vs. trichostrongyles, ascarids, and other stomach worms.
Albendazole vs. liver flukes. Fenbendazole vs. lungworms
-Dogs and Cats– effective vs. ascarids, hookworms, whipworms, and some tapeworms

22
Q

Precautions of Benzimidazoles

A

o Vomiting and diarrhea rarely observed.

o Mebendazole/oxibendazole can be toxic to the liver

23
Q

Piperazines

A
  • Commonly used grocery store dewormers
  • Examples: piperazine dihydrochloride (Pipa-Tabs), piperazine citrate (Sergeant’s Worm Away), diethylcarbamazine citrate (Nemacide, Filaribits)
24
Q

General characteristics of Piperazines

A

o paralyze worms
o only effective vs. ascarids in dogs and cats
o most common OTC dewormer

25
Q

Organophosphates

A
  • Not often used internally
  • Large animal mostly
  • Examples: dichlorvos (Task), trichlorfon (Dyrex), coumaphos (Baymix)
26
Q

General characteristics of Organophosphates

A

o kills parasites by interfering w/ their CNS
o effective vs. ascarids, hookworms, whipworms in dogs
o effective against bot worms in horses
o most often used against external parasites
o observe animals for signs of toxicity

27
Q

Avermectins

A

Avermectins

• Popular antiparasitics used in large animals

28
Q

Avermectins Include:

A 
o	Ivermectin (Ivomec, Eqvalan, Heartgard) 
o	Doramectin (Dectomax)
o	Moxidectin (Quest, Cydectin, ProHeart 6) 
o	Selamectin (Revolution)
29
Q

General characteristics of Avermectins

A

o kills parasites by interfering w/ their CNS
o most commonly used in large animals
o broad spectrum activity against internal and external parasites

30
Q

Spectrum of activity of Avermectins

A

o Horses- bots, ascarids, strongyles, pinworms
o Cattle- trichostrongyles, lungworms (sucking lice)
o Swine- ascarids, strongyles, lungworms (mites)
o Dogs & Cats- heartworm microfilaria, ascarids/hookworms in cats (fleas, mites)

31
Q

Precautions of Avermectins

A

o Collies are very sensitive to avermectins
o some have genetic mutation that can lead to avermectin toxicity
o clinical signs of toxicity: hypersalivation, dilated pupils, ataxia, tremors, depression
o Cattle and horses sometimes develop inflammatory reaction to dead parasites

32
Q

Levamisole

A 
(Levasole, Tramisol) 
•	Older, inexpensive antiparasitic that has immunostimulant activity
•	Affects a parasite’s CNS system
•	Used mostly in large animals
o	available in oral and injectable forms
33
Q

Spectrum of activity of Levamisole

A

o Horses– ascarids, strongyles
o Cattle– trichostrongyles, lungworms
o Dogs and Cats– lungworms

34
Q

Isoquinolones

A

 Praziquantel

 Epsiprantel

35
Q

Adulticides

A

-kills the heartworms
Thiacetarsemide (Caparsolate)- as more adverse effects
 Melarsomine (Immiticide)- mostly used to treat

36
Q

Microfilariacides/Preventatives

A 
	Diethylcarbamazine (Filaribits)
	Ivermectin (Heartgard 30)
	Milbemycin oxime(Interceptor, Sentinel)
	Selamectin (Revolution)
	Moxidectin (Pro-Heart)
37
Q

Praziquantel

A

o Popular drug available in tablet and injectable forms
o General characteristics
- reduces the tapeworm’s resistance to digestion in the animal’s GIT
-effective against all common tapeworm species in dogs and cats

38
Q

Precautions of Praziquantel

A

 vomiting and diarrhea occassionally observed after administration
 not to be used in very young puppies or kittens
 must eliminate fleas and prevent hunting to prevent reinfection

39
Q

Epsiprantel

A

(Cestex)
o Popular oral anticestodal medication
o General characteristics
 reduces the tapeworm’s resistance to digestion in the animal’s GIT
 effective against most tapeworm species infecting dogs & cats (except Echinococcus)
o Precautions- Not to be used in very young puppies and kittens

40
Q

Antitrematodals

A 
in live stock
•	Albendazole (Valbazen)-
•	Clorsulon (Curatrem, Ivomec Plus)
o	General characterisitics:
	effective vs. liver flukes in cattle
	interferes w/ parasite metabolism
41
Q

Antiprotozoals

A
  • Amprolium (Corid)– used in calves to treat coccidia, inhibits thiamine uptake
  • Sulfonamide antibiotics– used to treat coccidia in chickens, turkeys, cattle, dogs and cats
  • Metronidazole (Flagyl)– used to treat giardia in dogs and cats.

Pharmacology (9 decks)

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